Metabolism

384 papers on metabolism

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3500 Calories = 1 Pound Weight Loss

Reference Title Journal
Wishnofsky, M (1958) [Abs] Caloric equivalents of gained or lost weight Am J Clin Nutr
Schoeller, DA (2009) [Full] The energy balance equation: looking back and looking forward are two very diffe… Nutr Res
Heymsfield, SB (2012) [Full] Energy content of weight loss: kinetic features during voluntary caloric restric… Metab Clin Exp
Hall & Chow (2013) [Full] Why is the 3500 kcal per pound weight loss rule wrong? Int J Obes
Thomas, DM (2013) [Full] Can a weight loss of one pound a week be achieved with a 3500-kcal deficit? Comm… Int J Obes
Thomas, DM (2013) [Full] Responses to “Why is the 3500 kcal per pound weight loss rule wrong?” Int J Obes

Adaptive Thermogenesis - Underfeeding - 1-10 Days

Reference Title Journal
Wiley & Newburgh (1931) [Full] The doubtful nature of “luxuskonsumption” J Clin Invest
Muller, MJ (2015) [Full] Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refeeding: the Minnes… AJCN
Muller, MJ (2016) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans Curr Obes Rep

Adaptive Thermogenesis - Underfeeding - 10-30 Days

Reference Title Journal
Weinsier, RL (2000) [Full] Do adaptive changes in metabolic rate favor weight regain in weight reduced indi… AJCN
Tremblay, A (2013) [Full] Adaptive thermogenesis can make a difference in the ability of obese individuals… Int J Obes
Muller, MJ (2015) [Full] Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refeeding: the Minnes… AJCN
Muller, MJ (2016) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans Curr Obes Rep

Adaptive Thermogenesis - Underfeeding - Months

Reference Title Journal
Leibel, RL (1995) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight NEJM
Heymsfield, SB (2007) [Full] Why do obese patients not lose more weight when treated with low-calorie diets? … Am J Clin Nutr
Martin, CK (2007) [Full] Effect of calorie restriction on resting metabolic rate and spontaneous physical… Obesity
Goele, K (2009) [Full] Influence of changes in body comp and adaptive thermogenesis on difference betwe… Obes Facts
Rosenbaum, M (2009) [Full] Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained … Am J Clin Nutr
Byrne, NM (2012) [Full] Does metabolic compensation explain the majority of less-than-expected weight lo… Int J Obes
Dulloo, AG (2012) [Full] Explaining the failures of obesity therapy: willpower attenuation, target miscal… Int J Obes
de Jonge, L (2012) [Full] Effect of diet composition and weight loss on resting energy expenditure in the … Obesity
Camps, SG (2013) [Full] Weight loss, weight maintenance, and adaptive thermogenesis AJCN
Muller & Bosy-Wesphal (2013) [Full] Adaptive thermogenesis with weight loss in humans Obesity
Tremblay, A (2013) [Full] Adaptive thermogenesis can make a difference in the ability of obese individuals… Int J Obes
Fothergill, E (2016) [Full] Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition Obesity
Gomez-Arbelaez, D (2018) [Full] Resting metabolic rate of obese patients under very low calorie ketogenic diet Nutr Metab
Nymo, S (2018) [Full] Timeline of changes in adaptive physiological responses at the level of energy e… Br J Nutr

Are All Calories Created Equally

Reference Title Journal
Buchholz & Schoeller (2004) [Full] Is a calorie a calorie? Am J Clin Nutr
Feinman, RD (2004) [Full] Whatever happened to the 2nd law of thermodynamics Am J Clin Nutr
Fine & Feinman (2004) [Full] Thermodynamics of weight loss diets Nutr Metab
Manninen, AH (2004) [Full] Is a calorie really a calorie? Metabolic advantage of low-carbohydrate diets J Int Soc Sports Nutr
Manninen, AH (2006) [Full] Metabolic advantage of low-carbohydrate diets: a calorie is still not a calorie Am J Clin Nutr
Hall & Guo (2017) [Full] Obesity energetics: body weight regulation and the effects of diet composition Gastroenterology

Body Composition with Weight Loss

Reference Title Journal
Passmore, R (1958) [Full] The chemical composition of the tissue lost by obese patients on a reducing regi… Br J Nutr
Deriaz, O (1992) [Abs] Lean-body-mass composition and resting energy expenditure before and after long-… Am J Clin Nutr
Nelson, KM (1992) [Abs] Effect of weight reduction on resting energy expenditure, substrate utilization,… Am J Clin Nutr
Forbes, GB (2000) [Abs] Body fat content influence the body body composition response to nutrition and e… Ann Acad NY Sci
Chaston, TB (2007) [Full] Changes in fat-free mass during significant wieght loss: a systematic review Int J Obes
Heymsfield, SB (2014) [Full] Weight loss composition is one-fourth fat-free mass: a critical review and criti… Obes Rev
Roman, YM (2018) [Abs] Effects of intermittent versus continuous dieting on weight and body composition… Int J Obes
Park, J (2020) [Abs] Effect of alternate-day fasting on obesity and cardiometabolic risk: a systemati… Metabolism

Carbohydrate & Fat Balances in Feeding Studies

Reference Title Journal
Lewis, SB (1977) [Abs] Effect of diet composition on metabolic adaptations to hypocaloric nutrition: co… AJCN
Acheson, KJ (1982) [Abs] Glycogen synthesis versus lipogenesis after a 500 gram carbohydrate meal in man Metabolism
Hurni, BM (1982) [Full] Metabolic effects of a mixed and a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet in man, measur… Br J Nutr
Acheson, KJ (1984) [Abs] Nutritional influences on lipogenesis and thermogenesis after a carbohydrate mea… Am J Physiol
Flatt, JP (1985) [Full] Effects of dietary fat on postprandial substrate oxidation and on carbohydrate a… JCI
Flatt, JP (1987) [Abs] The difference in the storage capacities for carbohydrate and for fat, and its i… Ann NY Acad Sci
Acheson, KJ (1988) [Abs] Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate ov… Am J Clin Nutr
Flatt, JP (1988) [Abs] Importance of nutrient balance in body weight regulation Diabetes Metab Rev
Schutz, Y (1989) [Abs] Failure of dietary fat intake to promote fat oxidation: a factor favoring the de… Am J Clin Nutr
Thomas, CD (1992) [Abs] Nutrient balance and energy expenditure during ad libitum feeding of high-fat an… Am J Clin Nutr
Flatt, JP (1993) [Abs] Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance, and weight maintenance Ann NY Acad Sci
Schutz, Y (1993) [Abs] The adjustment of energy expenditure and oxidation to energy intake: the role of… Int J Obes
Swinburn & Ravussin (1993) [Abs] Energy balance or fat balance? AJCN
Flatt, JP (1995) [Abs] Use and storage of carbohydrate and fat Am J Clin Nutr
Horton, TJ (1995) [Abs] Fat and carbohydrate overfeeding in humans: different effects on energy storage Am J Clin Nutr
Schwarz, JM (1995) [Full] Short-term alterations in carbohydrate energy intake in humans. Striking effects… JCI
Stubbs, RJ (1995) [Abs] Covert manipulation of dietary fat and energy density: effect on substrate flux … AJCN
Jebb, SA (1996) [Full] Changes in macronutrient balance during over- and underfeeding assessed by 12-d … Am J Clin Nutr
Flatt, JP (1997) [Full] How NOT to approach the obesity problem Obes Res
Schrauwen, P (1997) [Full] Changes in fat oxidation in response to a high-fat diet Am J Clin Nutr
Schrauwen, P (1998) [Abs] Fat balance in obese subjects: role of glycogen stores AJP Endo Metab
McDevitt, RM (2000) [Full] Macronutrient disposal during controlled overfeeding with glucose, fructose, suc… Am J Clin Nutr
Schrauwen, P (2000) [Full] Increase in fat oxidation on a high-fat diet is accompanied by an increase in tr… Diabetes
Smith, SR (2000) [Full] Concurrent physical activity increases fat oxidation during the shift to a high-… Am J Clin Nutr
Smith, SR (2000) [Full] Fat and carbohydrate balances during adaptation to a high-fat diet Am J Clin Nutr
Sonko, BJ (2001) [Full] Dose-response relationship between fat ingestion and oxidation: quantitative est… EJCN
Flatt, JP (2004) [Full] Carbohydrate-fat interactions and obesity examined by a two-compartment computer… Obes Res
Schutz, Y (2004) [Full] Concept of fat balance in human obesity revisited with particular reference to d… Int J Obes
Schutz, Y (2004) [Abs] Dietary fat, lipogenesis and energy balance Physiol Behavior
Westerterp, KR (2009) [Full] Dietary fat oxidation as a function of body fat Curr Opin Lipid
Hall, KD (2010) [Full] Predicting metabolic adaptation, body weight change, and energy intake in humans AJPEM
Westerterp, KR (2013) [Full] Metabolic adaptations to over-and underfeeding-still a matter of debate? EJCN
Hall, KD (2015) [Full] Calorie for calorie, dietary fat restriction results in more body fat loss than … Cell Metabolism

Carbohydrate - Insulin Hypothesis

Reference Title Journal
Lustig, RH (2006) [Abs] Childhood obesity: behavioral aberration or biochemical drive? Reinterpreting th… Nat Clin Pract Endo Metab
Hall & Guo (2017) [Full] Obesity energetics: body weight regulation and the effects of diet composition Gastroenterology
Hall, KD (2017) [Abs] A review of the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity Eur J Clin Invest
Howell, S (2017) [Full] “Calories in, calories out” and macronutrient intake: The hope, hype, and scienc… AJEPM
Ludwig & Ebbeling (2018) [Full] The carbohydate-insulin model of obesity: beyond “calories in, calories out” JAMA Int Med

Constrained Energy Expenditure

Reference Title Journal
Pontzer, H (2012) [Full] Hunter-gather energetics and human obesity PLOS ONE
Pontzer, H (2015) [Full] Constrained energy expenditure and the evolutionary biology of energy balance Exerc Sport Sci Rev
Pontzer, H (2016) [Full] Constrained total energy expenditure and metabolic adaptation to physical activi… Curr Biol

Energy Balance and Its Components

Reference Title Journal
Prentice, A (2007) [Full] Are defects in energy expenditure involved in the causation of obesity? Obes Rev
Hall, KD (2012) [Full] Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation Am J Clin Nutr
Hall & Guo (2017) [Full] Obesity energetics: body weight regulation and the effects of diet composition Gastroenterology
Howell, S (2017) [Full] “Calories in, calories out” and macronutrient intake: The Hope, Hype, and Scienc… AJPEM

Energy Expenditure and Fuel Metabolism - Formerly Obese

Reference Title Journal
Prentice, AM (1991) [Full] Physiological responses to slimming Proc Nutr Sco
Schutz, Y (1992) [Abs] Role of fat oxidation in the long-term stabilization of body weight in obese wom… Am J Clin Nutr
Astrup, A (1999) [Full] Meta-analysis of resting metabolic rate in formerly obese subjects Am J Clin Nutr
Wyatt, HR (1999) [Full] Resting energy expenditure in reduced-obese subjects in the National Weight Cont… Am J Clin Nutr
Weyer, C (2000) [Full] Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and body weight regulation: a study of metabo… JCEM
Rosenbaum, M (2009) [Full] Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained … Am J Clin Nutr

Energy Expenditure and Fuel Metabolism - Obese

Reference Title Journal
Jequier, E (1984) [Abs] Energy expenditure in obesity Clin Endocr Metab
Prentice, AM (1986) [Full] High levels of energy expenditure in obese women BMJ
Platte, P (1995) [Abs] Physical activity, total energy expenditure, and food intake in grossly obese an… Int J Eating Disorder
Prentice, AM (1996) [Abs] Energy expenditure in overweight and obese adults in affluent societies: an anal… EJCN
Das, SK (2004) [Full] Energy expenditure is very high in extremely obese women J Nutr
DeLany, JP (2012) [Full] High energy expenditure masks low physical activity in obesity Int J Obes
Kee, AL (2012) [Abs] Resting energy expenditure of morbidly obese patients using indirect calorimetry… Obes Rev

Energy Gap Small Changes Approach to Weight Loss

Reference Title Journal
Hill, JO (2003) [Abs] Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here? Science
Brown, WJ (2005) [Full] Identifying the energy gap: magnitude and determinants of 5-year weight gain in … Obes Res
Bouchard, C (2008) [Full] Magnitude of energy imbalance in obesity is generally underestimated Int J Obes
Hill, JO (2009) [Full] Can a small-changes approach help address the obesity epidemic? A report of the … Am J Clin Nutr
Rigby & Muller (2009) [Full] A small step for obesity but a great leap in the wrong direction for mankind Obes Facts
Swinburn, BA (2009) [Full] Estimating the changes in energy flux that characterize the rise in obesity prev… Am J Clin Nutr
Hills, AP (2013) [Full] Small Changes’ to diet and physical activity behaviors for weight management Obesity Facts
Wing, RR (2016) [Full] Innovative self-regulation strategies to reduce weight gain in young adults: The… JAMA Int Med

Fasting 1-3 Days

Reference Title Journal
Weyer, C (2001) [Full] Changes in energy metabolism in response to 48h of overfeeding and fasting in Ca… Int J Obes
Hoeks, J (2010) [Full] Prolonged fasting identifies skeletal muscle mitcohondrial dysfunction as a cons… Diabetes
Mazurak, N (2013) [Full] Effects of a 48-h fast on heart rate variability and cortisol levels in healthy … Eur J Clin Nutr
Thearle, MS (2013) [Full] Extent and determinants of thermogenic responses to 24 hours of fasting, energy … JCEM

Fasting Weeks

Reference Title Journal
Wiley & Newburgh (1931) [Full] The doubtful nature of “luxuskonsumption” J Clin Invest
Owen, OE (1998) [Full] Protein, fat, and carbohydrate requirements during starvation: anaplerosis and c… Am J Clin Nutr

Fat Intake Fails to Promote Fat Oxidation (Oxidative Hierarchy)

Reference Title Journal
Schutz, Y (1989) [Abs] Failure of dietary fat intake to promote fat oxidation: a factor favoring the de… Am J Clin Nutr
Astrup, A (1994) [Abs] Failure to increase lipid oxidation in response to increasing dietary fat conten… AJP Endo Metab
Horton, TJ (1995) [Abs] Fat and carbohydrate overfeeding in humans: different effects on energy storage Am J Clin Nutr
Schwarz, JM (1995) [Full] Short-term alterations in carbohydrate energy intake in humans. Striking effects… JCI
Jebb, SA (1996) [Full] Changes in macronutrient balance during over- and underfeeding assessed by 12-d … Am J Clin Nutr
Sidossis & Wolfe (1996) [Abs] Glucose and insulin-induced inhibition of fatty acid oxidation: the glucose-fatt… AJP Endo Metab
Sonko, BJ (2001) [Full] Dose-response relationship between fat ingestion and oxidation: quantitative est… EJCN
Hall, KD (2007) [Full] How adaptations of substrate utilization regulate body composition Int J Obesity

High Carbohydrate - Isocaloric - De Novo Lipogenesis Days

Reference Title Journal
Acheson, KJ (1982) [Abs] Glycogen synthesis versus lipogenesis after a 500 gram carbohydrate meal in man Metabolism
Acheson, KJ (1984) [Abs] Nutritional influences on lipogenesis and thermogenesis after a carbohydrate mea… Am J Physiol
Acheson, KJ (1988) [Abs] Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate ov… Am J Clin Nutr
Schwarz, JM (2003) [Full] Hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic subjects co… Am J Clin Nutr

High Carbohydrate - Overfeeding - De Novo Lipogenesis Days

Reference Title Journal
Acheson, KJ (1982) [Abs] Glycogen synthesis versus lipogenesis after a 500 gram carbohydrate meal in man Metabolism
Acheson, KJ (1988) [Abs] Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate ov… Am J Clin Nutr
Schwarz, JM (1995) [Full] Short-term alterations in carbohydrate energy intake in humans. Striking effects… JCI
Minehira, K (2004) [Full] Effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body macronutrient metabolism and ex… Int J Obesity
Schutz, Y (2004) [Full] Concept of fat balance in human obesity revisited with particular reference to d… Int J Obes
Sevastianova, K (2012) [Full] Effect of short-term carbohydrate overfeeding and long-term weight loss on liver… Am J Clin Nutr

High Carbohydrate Isocaloric Days

Reference Title Journal
Acheson, KJ (1984) [Abs] Nutritional influences on lipogenesis and thermogenesis after a carbohydrate mea… Am J Physiol
Thomas, CD (1992) [Abs] Nutrient balance and energy expenditure during ad libitum feeding of high-fat an… Am J Clin Nutr
Schrauwen, P (1998) [Abs] Fat balance in obese subjects: role of glycogen stores AJP Endo Metab
Bisschop, PH (2000) [Full] The effects of carbohydrate variation in isocaloric diets on glycogenolysis and … JCEM
Bisschop, PH (2001) [Full] Dietary fat content alters insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in healthy men Am J Clin Nutr
van Herpen, NA (2011) [Full] Three weeks on a high-fat diet increases intrahepatic lipid accumulation and dec… JCEM

High Carbohydrate Overfeeding Days

Reference Title Journal
Lewis, SB (1977) [Abs] Effect of diet composition on metabolic adaptations to hypocaloric nutrition: co… Am J Clin Nutr
Acheson, KJ (1982) [Abs] Glycogen synthesis versus lipogenesis after a 500 gram carbohydrate meal in man Metabolism
Acheson, KJ (1988) [Abs] Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate ov… Am J Clin Nutr
Horton, TJ (1995) [Abs] Fat and carbohydrate overfeeding in humans: different effects on energy storage Am J Clin Nutr
Schwarz, JM (1995) [Full] Short-term alterations in carbohydrate energy intake in humans. Striking effects… JCI
McDevitt, RM (2000) [Full] Macronutrient disposal during controlled overfeeding with glucose, fructose, suc… Am J Clin Nutr
Minehira, K (2004) [Full] Effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body macronutrient metabolism and ex… Int J Obesity

High Fat Feeding - Isocaloric Days

Reference Title Journal
Acheson, KJ (1984) [Abs] Nutritional influences on lipogenesis and thermogenesis after a carbohydrate mea… Am J Physiol
Hill, JO (1991) [Abs] Nutrient balance in humans: effects of diet composition Am J Clin Nutr
Thomas, CD (1992) [Abs] Nutrient balance and energy expenditure during ad libitum feeding of high-fat an… Am J Clin Nutr
Astrup, A (1994) [Abs] Failure to increase lipid oxidation in response to increasing dietary fat conten… AJP Endo Metab
Schrauwen, P (1997) [Full] Changes in fat oxidation in response to a high-fat diet Am J Clin Nutr
Schrauwen, P (1998) [Full] Fat balance in obese subjects: role of glycogen stores AJP Endo Metab
Pasman, WJ (1999) [Full] The effect of body weight changes and endurance training on 24 h substrate oxida… Int J Obes
Bisschop, PH (2000) [Full] The effects of carbohydrate variation in isocaloric diets on glycogenolysis and … JCEM
Schrauwen, P (2000) [Full] Increase in fat oxidation on a high-fat diet is accompanied by an increase in tr… Diabetes
Smith, SR (2000) [Full] Concurrent physical activity increases fat oxidation during the shift to a high-… Am J Clin Nutr
Smith, SR (2000) [Full] Fat and carbohydrate balances during adaptation to a high-fat diet Am J Clin Nutr
Bisschop, PH (2001) [Full] Dietary fat content alters insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in healthy men Am J Clin Nutr
Schwarz, JM (2003) [Full] Hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic subjects co… Am J Clin Nutr
Allick, G (2004) [Full] A low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet improves glucoregulation in type 2 diabetes mel… JCEM
Blaak, EE (2006) [Full] Fat oxidation before and after a high fat load in the obese insulin-resistant st… JCEM
Galgani, JE (2010) [Full] Effect of a 3-day high-fat feeding period on carbohydrate balance and ad libitum… Int J Obesity
van Herpen, NA (2011) [Full] Three weeks on a high-fat diet increases intrahepatic lipid accumulation and dec… JCEM
Bergouignan, A (2012) [Full] Increasing dietary fat elicits similar changes in fat oxidation and markers of m… PLOS ONE

High Fat Feeding - Overfeeding Days

Reference Title Journal
Lewis, SB (1977) [Abs] Effect of diet composition on metabolic adaptations to hypocaloric nutrition: co… Am J Clin Nutr
Horton, TJ (1995) [Abs] Fat and carbohydrate overfeeding in humans: different effects on energy storage Am J Clin Nutr
Schwarz, JM (1995) [Full] Short-term alterations in carbohydrate energy intake in humans. Striking effects… JCI
McDevitt, RM (2000) [Full] Macronutrient disposal during controlled overfeeding with glucose, fructose, suc… Am J Clin Nutr
Brons, C (2009) [Full] Impact of short-term high-fat feeding on glucose and insulin metabolism in young… J Physiol
Samocha-Bonet, D (2012) [Full] Overfeeding reduces insulin sensitivity and increases oxidative stress, without … PLOS ONE

Liposuction

Reference Title Journal
Klein, S (2004) [Full] Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coron… N Eng J Med

Measuring Metabolic Rate & RER - Reproducibility and Confounders

Reference Title Journal
Weir, JB (1949) [Full] New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein met… J Physiol
Rose & Williams (1961) [Full] Metabolic studies on large and small eaters Br J Nutr
Schutz & Raavussin (1980) [Abs] Respiratory quotients lower than 0.70 in ketogenic diets AJCN
Westenskow, DR (1988) [Abs] Calculation of metabolic expenditure and substrate utilization from gas exchange… JPEN
Schutz, Y (1995) [Full] Abnormalities of fuel utilization as predisposing to the development of obesity … Obes Res
Taylor & Garrow (2001) [Full] Compared with nibbling, neither gorging nor a morning fast affect short-term ene… Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Adriaens, MP (2003) [Full] Intra-individual variation of basal metabolic rate and the influence of daily ha… Br J Nutr
Schutz, Y (2004) [Full] Concept of fat balance in human obesity revisited with particular reference to d… Int J Obes
Munsters & Saris (2012) [Full] Effects of meal frequency on metabolic profiles and substrate partitioning in le… PLOS ONE
Ohkawara, K (2013) [Full] Effects of increased meal frequency on fat oxidation and perceived hunger Obesity
Madzima, TA (2014) [Full] Night-time consumption of protein or carbohydrate results in increased morning r… Br J Nutr
Whelan, ME (2014) [Abs] A review of the effect of dietary composition on fasting substrate oxidation in … Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr

O2 Consumption RMR - Isocaloric - 10-30 Days

Reference Title Journal
Apfelbaum, M (1971) [Abs] Effect of caloric restriction and excessive caloric intake on energy expenditure Am J Clin Nutr
Leibel, RL (1992) [Abs] Energy intake required to maintain body weight is not affected by wide variation… Am J Clin Nutr
Hall & Guo (2017) [Full] Obesity energetics: body weight regulation and the effects of diet composition Gastroenterology

O2 Consumption RMR - Isocaloric - 2-10 Days

Reference Title Journal
Hurni, BM (1982) [Full] Metabolic effects of a mixed and a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet in man, measur… Br J Nutr
Rumpler, WV (1991) [Abs] Energy intake restriction and diet-composition effects on energy expenditure in … Am J Clin Nutr
Leibel, RL (1992) [Full] Energy intake required to maintain body weight is not affected by wide variation… Am J Clin Nutr
Ebbeling, CB (2012) [Full] Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintena… JAMA
Schmidt, SL (2012) [Full] The effects of short-term overfeeding on energy expenditure and nutrient oxidati… Int J Obesity
Hall & Guo (2017) [Full] Obesity energetics: body weight regulation and the effects of diet composition Gastroenterology

O2 Consumption RMR - Isocaloric - Hours

Reference Title Journal
Dauncey & Bingham (1983) [Full] Dependence of 24 h energy expenditure in man on the composition of the nutrient … Br J Nutr
Ravussin, E (1986) [Full] Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man. Methods and results using a r… JCI
Smeets & Westerterp-Plantenga (2008) [Full] Acute effects on metabolism and appetite profile of one meal difference in the l… Br J Nutr
Casas-Agustench, P (2009) [Abs] Acute effects of three high-fat meals with different fat saturations on energy e… Clin Nutr
Munsters & Saris (2012) [Full] Effects of meal frequency on metabolic profiles and substrate partitioning in le… PLOS ONE
Ohkawara, K (2013) [Full] Effects of increased meal frequency on fat oxidation and perceived hunger Obesity
Hall & Guo (2017) [Full] Obesity energetics: body weight regulation and the effects of diet composition Gastroenterology

O2 Consumption RMR - Isocaloric - Months

Reference Title Journal
Leibel, RL (1992) [Abs] Energy intake required to maintain body weight is not affected by wide variation… Am J Clin Nutr
Brewer, LC (2012) [Full] Do African American women require fewer calories to maintain weight? Results fro… Nutr Clin Prac
Hall & Guo (2017) [Full] Obesity energetics: body weight regulation and the effects of diet composition Gastroenterology

O2 Consumption RMR - Overfeeding - 10-30 Days

Reference Title Journal
Passmore, R (1955) [Full] Energy utilization in overfed thin young men Br J Nutr
Forbes, GB (1986) [Full] Deliberate overfeeding in women and men: energy cost and composition of the weig… Br J Nutr
Roberts, SB (1994) [Abs] Control of food intake in older men JAMA
Leibel, RL (1995) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight NEJM
Stock, MJ (1999) [Full] Gluttony and thermogenesis revisited Int J Obes
Forbes, GB (2000) [Abs] Body fat content influence the body body composition response to nutrition and e… Ann Acad NY Sci
Samocha-Bonet, D (2010) [Full] A family history of type 2 diabetes increases risk factors associated with overf… Diabetologia
Samocha-Bonet, D (2012) [Full] Overfeeding reduces insulin sensitivity and increases oxidative stress, without … PLOS ONE
Krogh-Madsen, R (2014) [Full] Normal physical activity obliterates the deleterious effects of a high-calorie i… JAP
Bray, GA (2015) [Full] Effect of protein overfeeding on energy expenditure measured in a metabolic cham… Am J Clin Nutr
Muller, MJ (2015) [Full] Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refedding: the Minnes… Am J Clin Nutr
Muller, MJ (2016) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans Curr Obes Rep

O2 Consumption RMR - Overfeeding - 2-10 Days

Reference Title Journal
Passmore, R (1955) [Full] Energy utilization in overfed thin young men Br J Nutr
Passmore, R (1963) [Full] The effect of overfeeding on two fat young women Br J Nutr
Ravussin, E (1985) [Abs] Short-term, mixed-diet overfeeding in man: no evidence for “luxuskonsumption” Am J Physiol
Jebb, SA (1996) [Full] Changes in macronutrient balance during over- and underfeeding assessed by 12-d … Am J Clin Nutr
McDevitt, RM (2000) [Full] Macronutrient disposal during controlled overfeeding with glucose, fructose, suc… Am J Clin Nutr
Minehira, K (2004) [Full] Effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body macronutrient metabolism and ex… Int J Obesity
Samocha-Bonet, D (2010) [Full] A family history of type 2 diabetes increases risk factors associated with overf… Diabetologia
Lagerpusch, M (2012) [Full] Effects of brief perturbations in energy balance on indices of glucose homeostas… Int J Obesity
Schmidt, SL (2012) [Full] The effects of short-term overfeeding on energy expenditure and nutrient oxidati… Int J Obesity
Lecoultre, V (2013) [Full] Effects of fructose and glucose overfeeding on hepatic insulin sensitivity and i… Obesity
Thearle, MS (2013) [Full] Extent and determinants of thermogenic responses to 24 hours of fasting, energy … JCEM
Bray, GA (2015) [Full] Effect of protein overfeeding on energy expenditure measured in a metabolic cham… Am J Clin Nutr
Muller, MJ (2015) [Full] Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refedding: the Minnes… Am J Clin Nutr
Muller, MJ (2016) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans Curr Obes Rep

O2 Consumption RMR - Overfeeding - Hours

Reference Title Journal
Schutz, Y (1989) [Abs] Failure of dietary fat intake to promote fat oxidation: a factor favoring the de… Am J Clin Nutr
Schutz, Y (1993) [Abs] The adjustment of energy expenditure and oxidation to energy intake: the role of… Int J Obes
Weyer, C (2001) [Full] Changes in energy metabolism in response to 48h of overfeeding and fasting in Ca… Int J Obes
Bray, GA (2015) [Full] Effect of protein overfeeding on energy expenditure measured in a metabolic cham… Am J Clin Nutr

O2 Consumption RMR - Overfeeding - Months

Reference Title Journal
Bouchard, C (1990) [Full] The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins New Eng J Med
Diaz, EO (1992) [Abs] Metabolic response to experimental overfeeding in lean and overweight healthy vo… Am J Clin Nutr
Tremblay, A (1992) [Abs] Overfeeding and energy expenditure in humans Am J Clin Nutr
Deriaz, O (1993) [Full] Non-linear weight gain with long-term overfeeding in man Obes Res
Leibel, RL (1995) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight NEJM
Calles-Escandon, J (1996) [Abs] Exercise increases fat oxidation at rest unrelated to changes in energy balance … AJP Endo Metab
Stock, MJ (1999) [Full] Gluttony and thermogenesis revisited Int J Obes
Weyer, C (2000) [Full] Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and body weight regulation: a study of metabo… JCEM
Votruba & Jensen (2011) [Full] Insulin sensitivity and regional fat gain in response to overfeeding Obesity
Bray, GA (2012) [Full] Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body c… JAMA
Votruba & Jensen (2012) [Full] Short-term regional meal fat storage in nonobese humans is not a predictor of lo… AJPEM
Gupta, AK (2013) [Full] Cardiovascular risk escalation with caloric excess: a prospective demonstration … Carciovascular Diabetol
Bray, GA (2015) [Full] Effect of protein overfeeding on energy expenditure measured in a metabolic cham… Am J Clin Nutr

O2 Consumption RMR - Refeeding after Weight Loss

Reference Title Journal
Grande, F (1958) [Abs] Changes of basal metabolic rate in man in semistarvation and refeeding J Appl Physiol

O2 Consumption RMR - Underfeeding - 10-30 Days

Reference Title Journal
Bray, GA (1969) [Abs] Effect of caloric restriction on energy expenditure in obese patients Lancet
Apfelbaum, M (1971) [Abs] Effect of caloric restriction and excessive caloric intake on energy expenditure Am J Clin Nutr
Miller & Pasonage (1975) [Abs] Resistance to slimming: adaptation or illusion? Lancet
de Groot, LCPGM (1989) [Abs] Adaptation of energy metabolism of overweight women to alternating and continuou… Am J Clin Nutr
Rumpler, WV (1991) [Abs] Energy intake restriction and diet-composition effects on energy expenditure in … Am J Clin Nutr
Roberts, SB (1994) [Abs] Control of food intake in older men JAMA
Leibel, RL (1995) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight NEJM
Astrup, A (1999) [Full] Meta-analysis of resting metabolic rate in formerly obese subjects Am J Clin Nutr
Hainer, V (2001) [Full] A twin study of weight loss and metabolic efficiency Int J Obes
Schwartz & Doucet (2010) [Abs] Relative chances in resting energy expenditure during weight loss: a systematic … Obes Rev
Winkels, RM (2011) [Abs] Energy intake compensation after 3 weeks of restricted energy intake in young an… J Am Med Dir Assoc
Muller, MJ (2015) [Full] Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refedding: the Minnes… Am J Clin Nutr
Muller, MJ (2016) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans Curr Obes Rep

O2 Consumption RMR - Underfeeding - 2-10 Days

Reference Title Journal
Newburgh & Johnston (1930) [Full] The nature of obesity Am Soc Clin Invest
Pennington, AW (1953) [Abs] Treatment of obesity with calorically UNRESTRICTED DIETS J Clin Nutr
Passmore, R (1963) [Full] The effect of overfeeding on two fat young women Br J Nutr
Bray, GA (1969) [Abs] Effect of caloric restriction on energy expenditure in obese patients Lancet
Zed & James (1986) [Abs] Dietary thermogenesis in obesity: response to carbohydrate and protein meals: th… Int J Obes
Jebb, SA (1996) [Full] Changes in macronutrient balance during over- and underfeeding assessed by 12-d … Am J Clin Nutr
Weinsier, RL (2000) [Full] Do adaptive changes in metabolic rate favor weight regain in weight reduced indi… AJCN
Kouda, K (2006) [Abs] Metabolic response to short-term 4-day energy restriction in a controlled study Environ Health Prev Med
Lagerpusch, M (2012) [Full] Effects of brief perturbations in energy balance on indices of glucose homeostas… Int J Obesity
Muller, MJ (2015) [Full] Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refedding: the Minnes… Am J Clin Nutr
Muller, MJ (2016) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans Curr Obes Rep
Hintze, LJ (2021) [Abs] Early changes in appetite and energy expenditure are not associated to body weig… Physiol Behav

O2 Consumption RMR - Underfeeding - Hours

Reference Title Journal
Dauncy, MJ (1980) [Full] Metabolic effects of altering the 24 h energy intake in man, using direct and in… Br J Nutr

O2 Consumption RMR - Underfeeding - Months

Reference Title Journal
Taylor & Keys (1950) [Abs] Adaptation to caloric restriction Science
Prentice, AM (1991) [Full] Physiological responses to slimming Proc Nutr Soc
Leibel, RL (1995) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight NEJM
Astrup, A (1999) [Full] Meta-analysis of resting metabolic rate in formerly obese subjects Am J Clin Nutr
Weinsier, RL (2000) [Full] Energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in black and white women: c… Am J Clin Nutr
Doucet, E (2001) [Full] Evidence for the existence of adaptive thermogenesis during weight loss Br J Nutr
Luscombe, ND (2003) [Full] Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on weight loss and energy expen… Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Brehm, BJ (2005) [Full] The role of energy expenditure in the differential weight loss in obese women on… JCEM
Flatt, JP (2007) [Full] Exaggerated claim about adaptive thermogenesis Int J Obes
Rosenbaum, M (2008) [Full] Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained … Am J Clin Nutr
Tremblay & Chaput (2009) [Full] Adaptive reduction in thermogenesis and resistance to lose fat in obese men Br J Nutr
Schwartz & Doucet (2010) [Abs] Relative chances in resting energy expenditure during weight loss: a systematic … Obes Rev
Bray, GA (2012) [Full] Effect of diet compostion on energy expenditure during weight loss: the POUNDS L… Int J Obes
Byrne, NM (2012) [Full] Does metabolic compensation explain the majority of less-than-expected weight lo… Int J Obes
Johanssen, DL (2012) [Full] Metabolic slowing with massive weight loss despite preservation of fat-free mass JCEM
Soenen, S (2013) [Full] Normal protein intake is required for body weight loss and weight maintenance, a… J Nutr
Knuth, ND (2014) [Full] Metabolic adaptation following massive weight loss is related to the degree of e… Obesity

Organ Mass Contribution to Metabolic Rate

Reference Title Journal
Sparti, A (1997) [Abs] Relationship between resting metabolic rate and the composition of the fat-free … Metabolism
Gallagher, D (1998) [Full] Organ-tissue mass measurement allows modeling of REE and metabolically active ti… AJP
Muller, MJ (2002) [Abs] Metabolically active components of fat-free mass and resting energy expenditure … Obes Rev
Midorikawa, T (2007) [Abs] High REE in Sumo Wrestlers attributed to large organ-tissue mass MSSE
Javed, F (2010) [Full] Brain and high metabolic rate organ mass: contributions to resting energy expend… Am J Clin Nutr

RMR - Contributors to

Reference Title Journal
Prentice, AM (1986) High levels of energy expenditure in obese women Brit Med J
Prentice, AM (1991) Physiological responses to slimming Proc Nutr Sco
Prentice, AM (1994) Obesity as an adaptation to a high-fat diet Am J Clin Nutr
Prentice, AM (1996) Energy expenditure in overweight and obese adults in affluent societies: an anal… EJCN
Sparti, A (1997) Relationship between resting metabolic rate and the composition of the fat-free … Metabolism
Gallagher, D (1998) Organ-tissue mass measurement allows modeling of REE and metabolically active ti… AJP
Muller, MJ (2002) Metabolically active components of fat-free mass and resting energy expenditure … Obes Rev
Smeets & Westerterp-Plantenga (2008) Acute effects on metabolism and appetite profile of one meal difference in the l… Br J Nutr
Muller, MJ (2015) Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refeeding: the Minnes… AJCN
Muller, MJ (2016) Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans Curr Obes Rep

Set Point Theory

Reference Title Journal
Brownell, KD (1982) [Abs] Obesity: understanding and treating a serious, prevalent, and refractory disorde… J Consult Clin Psychol
Weinsier, RL (2000) [Full] Do adaptive changes in metabolic rate favor weight regain in weight reduced indi… Am J Clin Nutr
Muller, MJ (2016) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans Curr Obes Rep
Hall & Guo (2017) [Full] Obesity energetics: body weight regulation and the effects of diet composition Gastroenterology

Sleep Deprivation - Energy Expenditure & Intake - 10-30 Days

Reference Title Journal
Nedeltcheva, AV (2010) [Full] Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity Ann Intern Med

Sleep Deprivation - Energy Expenditure & Intake - 2-10 Days

Reference Title Journal
St-Onge, MP (2011) [Full] Short sleep duration increases energy intake but does not change energy expendit… Am J Clin Nutr
Shlisky, JD (2012) [Abs] Partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults: an emerging issue for co… J Acad Nutr Diet
Spaeth, AM (2012) [Full] Effects of experimental sleep restriction on weight gain, caloric intake, and me… Sleep
Calvin, AD (2013) [Full] Effects of experimental sleep restriction on caloric intake and activity energy … Chest
Markwald, RR (2013) [Full] Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and… PNAS
St-Onge, MP (2013) [Full] The role of sleep duration in the regulation of energy balance: effects on energ… J Clin Sleep Med

Sleep Deprivation - Energy Expenditure & Intake - Hours

Reference Title Journal
Benedict, C (2011) [Full] Acute sleep deprivation reduces energy expenditure in healthy men Am J Clin Nutr

Thermic Effect of Activity

Reference Title Journal
Schoeller & Jefford (2002) Determinants of the energy costs of light activities: inferences for interpretin… Int J Obes

Thermic Effect of Alcohol

Reference Title Journal
Sonko, BJ (1994) [Abs] Effect of alcohol on postmeal fat storage Am J Clin Nutr
Suter, PM (1994) [Abs] Effect of ethanol on energy expenditure Am J Physiol
Murgatroyd, PR (1996) [Full] Alcohol and the regulation of energy balance: overnight effects on diet-induced … Br J Nutr

Thermic Effect of Food - Days

Reference Title Journal
Ravussin, E (1985) [Abs] Short-term, mixed-diet overfeeding in man: no evidence for “luxuskonsumption” Am J Physiol
Zed & James (1986) [Abs] Dietary thermogenesis in obesity: response to carbohydrate and protein meals: th… Int J Obes
Bellisle, F (1997) [Full] Meal frequency and energy balance Br J Nutr

Thermic Effect of Food - Hours

Reference Title Journal
Passmore, R (1955) [Full] Energy utilization in overfed thin young men Br J Nutr
Miller, DS (1967) [Abs] Gluttony 2. Thermogenesis in overeating man AJCN
Slatford, RK (1969) [Abs] The time course of the increase in oxygen consumption following food ingestion i… J Physiol
Dauncy, MJ (1980) [Full] Metabolic effects of altering the 24 h energy intake in man, using direct and in… Br J Nutr
Nair, KS (1983) [Abs] Thermic response to isoenergetic protein, carbohydrate or fat meals in lean and … Clin Sci
Karst, H (1984) [Abs] Diet-induced thermogenesis in man: Thermic effects of single proteins, carbohydr… Ann Nutr Metab
Ravussin, E (1986) [Full] Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man. Methods and results using a r… JCI
Belko & Barbieri (1987) [Abs] Effect of meal size and frequency on the thermic effect of food Nutr Res
Robinson, SM (1990) [Abs] Protein turnover and thermogenesis in response to high-protein and high-carbohyd… Am J Clin Nutr
Tai, MM (1991) [Abs] Meal size and frequency: effect on the thermic effect of food Am J Clin Nutr
Tappy, L (1996) [Full] Thermic effect of food and sympathetic nervous system activity in humans Repro Nutr Dev
Bellisle, F (1997) [Full] Meal frequency and energy balance Br J Nutr
de Jonge & Bray (1997) [Full] The thermic effect of food and obesity: a critical review Obes Res
Westerterp, KR (1999) [Full] Diet induced thermogenesis measured over 24h in a respiration chamber: effect of… Int J Obes
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS (1999) [Full] Satiety related to 24 h diet-induced thermogenesis during high protein/carbohydr… EJCN
Halton & Hu (2004) [Abs] The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a c… J Am Coll Nutr
Westerterp, KR (2004) [Full] Diet induced thermogenesis Nutr Metab
Brehm, BJ (2005) [Full] The role of energy expenditure in the differential weight loss in obese women on… JCEM
Smeets & Westerterp-Plantenga (2008) [Full] Acute effects on metabolism and appetite profile of one meal difference in the l… Br J Nutr
Secor, SM (2009) [Abs] Specific dynamic action: a review of the postprandial metabolic response J Comp Physiol
Barr & Wright (2010) [Full] Postprandial energy expenditure in whole-food and processed-food Food Nutr Res
Munsters & Saris (2012) [Full] Effects of meal frequency on metabolic profiles and substrate partitioning in le… PLOS ONE
Heden, TD (2013) [Full] Meal frequency differentially alters postprandial triacylglycerol and insulin co… Obesity
Ohkawara, K (2013) [Full] Effects of increased meal frequency on fat oxidation and perceived hunger Obesity
Scazzina, F (2013) [Abs] The effect of breakfasts varying in glycemic index and glycemic load on dietary … Nutr Metab Cardio Dis
Thearle, MS (2013) [Full] Extent and determinants of thermogenic responses to 24 hours of fasting, energy … JCEM
Madzima, TA (2014) [Full] Night-time consumption of protein or carbohydrate results in increased morning r… Br J Nutr

Thermic Effect of Food - Meal Size

Reference Title Journal
Miller, DS (1967) [Abs] Gluttony 2. Thermogenesis in overeating man Am J Clin Nutr
Belko & Barbieri (1987) [Abs] Effect of meal size and frequency on the thermic effect of food Nutr Res
D’Alessio, DA (1988) [Full] Thermic effect of food in lean and obese men J Clin Invest
Tai, MM (1991) [Abs] Meal size and frequency: effect on the thermic effect of food Am J Clin Nutr

Thermic Effect of Food - Months

Reference Title Journal
Nelson, KM (1992) [Abs] Effect of weight reduction on resting energy expenditure, substrate utilization,… AJCN
Leibel, RL (1995) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight NEJM
Luscombe, ND (2003) [Full] Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on weight loss and energy expen… Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord

Thermic Effect of Food - Weeks

Reference Title Journal
Nelson, KM (1992) [Abs] Effect of weight reduction on resting energy expenditure, substrate utilization,… AJCN
Leibel, RL (1995) [Full] Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight NEJM
Bellisle, F (1997) [Full] Meal frequency and energy balance Br J Nutr

Twin Studies

Reference Title Journal
Bouchard, C (1990) [Full] The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins New Eng J Med
Bouchard & Tremblay (1997) [Full] Genetic influences on the response of body fat and fat distribution to positive … Nutrition
Hainer, V (2001) [Full] A twin study of weight loss and metabolic efficiency Int J Obes
Liu, R (2012) [Full] A population-based twin study on sleep duration and body composition Obesity
Naukkarinen, J (2012) [Full] Causes and consequences of obesity: the contribution of recent twin studies Int J Obes

Weight Cycling (RCT)

Reference Title Journal
Jebb, SA (1991) [Abs] Effects of weight cycling caused by intermittent dieting on metabolic rate and b… Int J Obes
Beavers, KM (2011) [Full] Is lost lean mass from intentional weight loss recovered during weight regain in… Am J Clin Nutr
Beavers, DP (2013) [Full] Cardiometabolic risk after weight loss and subsequent weight regain in overweigh… J Gerontol A Biol Sci
Bosy-Westphal, A (2013) [Full] Effect of weight loss and regain on adipose tissue distribution, composition of … Int J Obes

Weight Loss - Mathematical Modeling

Reference Title Journal
Dulloo & Jacquet (1999) [Full] The control of partitioning between protein and fat during human starvation: its… Br J Nutr
Caloin, M (2004) [Full] Modeling of lipid and protein depletion during total starvation AJPEM
Hall, KD (2007) [Full] Body fat and fat-free mass inter-relationships: Forbes’s theory revisited Br J Nutr
Hall, KD (2007) [Full] How adaptations of substrate utilization regulate body composition Int J Obesity
Heymsfield, SB (2007) [Full] Why do obese not lose more weight on very low calorie diet? A mechanistic perspe… Am J Clin Nutr
Hall, KD (2010) [Full] Predicting metabolic adaptation, body weight change, and energy intake in humans AJPEM
Thomas, DM (2010) [Full] A computational model to determine energy intake during weight loss AJCN
Hall & Chow (2011) [Full] Estimating changes in free-living energy intake and its confidence interval AJCN
Hall, KD (2011) [Full] Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight Lancet
Thomas, DM (2011) [Full] A simple model predicting individual weight change in humans J Biol Dynam
Hall, KD (2012) [Full] Modeling metabolic adaptations and energy regulation in humans Ann Rev Nutr
Hall & Chow (2013) [Full] Why is the 3500 kcal per pound weight loss rule wrong? Int J Obes
Speakman & Westerterp (2013) [Full] A mathematical model of weight loss under total starvation: evidence against the… Disease Models Mech
Thomas, DM (2013) [Full] Can a weight loss of one pound a week be achieved with a 3500-kcal deficit? Comm… Int J Obes
Heymsfield, SB (2014) [Full] Weight loss composition is one-fourth fat-free mass: a critical review and criti… Obes Rev
Hall, KD (2015) [Full] Calorie for calorie, dietary fat restriction results in more body fat loss than … Cell Metabolism
Hall & Guo (2017) [Full] Obesity energetics: body weight regulation and the effects of diet composition Gastroenterology