Correlates of Weight Gain

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Autonomous Motivation (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Leong, SL (2012)	Self-determined, autonomous regulation of eating behavior is related to lower body mass index in…	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs

Bisphenol A (BPA)

Reference	Title	Journal
Magliano, & Lyons (2012)	Bisphenol A and diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease and obesity: controversy in…	JCEM	Full
Nadal, A (2013)	Fat from plastics? Linking bisphenol A exposure and obesity	Nat Rev Endocrinol	Abs
Sathyanarayana, S (2013)	Unexpected results in a randomized dietary trial to reduce phthalate and bisphenol A exposures	J Exposure Sci Environ	Full
Sharpe & Drake (2013)	Obesogens and obesity –an alternative view?	Obesity	Full
vom Saal, F (2012)	The estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) and obesity	Molec Cell Endo	Full
Wells, EM (2013)	Decline in urinary bisphenol A concentations in the United States	Epidemiology	Full

Breakfast (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Berg, C (2009)	Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population	Appetite	Abs
Cahill, LE (2013)	Prospective study of breakfast eating and incident coronary heart disease in a cohort of male US…	Circulation	Full
Deshmukh-Taskar, P (2012)	The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed with overweight/obesity, ab…	Public Health Nutr	Abs
Ma, X (2020)	Skipping breakfast is associated with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis	Obes Res Clin Pract	Abs
Ma, Y (2003)	Association between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living US adult population	Am J Epidemiol	Full
Okada, C (2019)	The association of having a late dinner or bedtime snack and skipping breakfast with overweight i…	J Obes	Full
Purslow, LR (2007)	Energy intake at breakfast and weight change: Prospective study of 6,764 middle-aged men and women	Am J Epidemiology	Full
Van der Heijden, AA (2007)	A prospective study of breakfast consumption and weight gain among US men	Obesity	Full
Wang, JB (2013)	Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults	J Hum Nutr Diet	Abs
Xiao, Q (2019)	Meal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype	Int J Obes	Full
Yamamoto, R (2021)	Associations of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner with weight gain and overweight/obesity in…	Nutrients	Full
Zhang, L (2017)	The association between breakfast skipping and body weight, nutrient intake, and metabolic measur…	Nutrients	Full

Breakfast (skipping)

Reference	Title	Journal
Berg, C (2009)	Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population	Appetite	Abs
Betts, JA (2016)	Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?	Proc Nutr Soc	Full
Ma, Y (2003)	Association between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living US adult population	Am J Epidemiol	Full
McCrory, MA (2016)	Energy and nutrient timing for weight control. Does timing of ingestion matter?	Endocrinol Metab Clinic	Abs
Song, WO (2005)	Is consumption of breakfast associated with body mass index in US adults?	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs
Van der Heijden, AA (2007)	A prospective study of breakfast consumption and weight gain among US men	Obesity	Full
Xiao, Q (2019)	Meal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype	Int J Obes	Full
Zhang, L (2017)	The association between breakfast skipping and body weight, nutrient intake, and metabolic measur…	Nutrients	Full
Sievert, K (2019)	Effect of breakfast on weight and energy intake: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomise…	BMJ	Full
St-Onge, M-P (2017)	Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific state…	Circulation	Full

Built Environment - Macro

Reference	Title	Journal
Feng, J (2010)	The built environment and obesity: A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence	Health & Place	Abs
Mackenbach, JD (2014)	Obesogenic environments: a systematic review of the association between the physical environment…	BMC Public Health	Full
Prince, SA (2011)	Neighborhood differences in objectively measured physical activity, sedentary time and body mass…	J Prev Med	Full

Carbohydrate Intake (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Austin, GL (2011)	Trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes and association with energy intake in normal-wei…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Cao, YJ (2020)	Associations of fat and carbohydrate intake with becoming overweight and obese: an 11-year longit…	Br J Nutr	Abs
Fogelholm, M (2012)	Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult p…	Food Nutr Res	Full
Ford, D (2017)	Evaluation of diet pattern and weight gain in postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women’s Health…	Br J Nutr	Full
Leibel, RL (1992)	Energy intake required to maintain body weight is not affected by wide variation in diet composition	Am J Clin Nutr	Abs
Ludwig & Ebbeling (2018)	The carbohydate-insulin model of obesity: beyond “calories in, calories out”	JAMA Int Med	Full
Ludwig, DS (1999)	Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults	JAMA	Full
Pearcey & de Castro (2002)	Food intake and meal patterns of weight-stable and weight-gaining persons	AJCN	Full
Raatz, SK (2017)	Relationship of the reported intakes of fat and fatty acids to body weight in US adults	Nutrients	Full
Smith, JD (2015)	Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change:…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Vergnaud, AC (2013)	Macronutrient composition of the diet and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-P…	PLOS ONE	Full

Chronic Stress (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Chao, AM (2017)	Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related horomones: prospective prediction of 6-month changes…	Obesity	Full
Chao, A (2015)	Food cravings mediate the relationship between chronic stress and body mass index	J Health Psychol	Full
Kivimaki, M (2006)	Work stress, weight gain and weight loss: evidence for bidirectional effects of job strain on bod…	Int J Obes	Full
Nikoogoftar, M (2018)	Comparison between mindfullness, body consciousness and stress in obese and normal-weight people	Int J Psychol	Full
Wardle, J (2011)	Stress and adiposity: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies	Obesity	Full

Chronotype (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Maukonen, M (2019)	Chronotype and energy intake timing in relation to changes in anthropometrics: a 7-year follow-up…	Chronobiol Int	Abs
Patterson, F (2017)	Interactive effects of sleep duration and morning/evening preference on cardiovascular risk factors	Eur J Public Health	Full
Sun, X (2019)	The association between sleep chronotype and obesity among black and white participants of the Bo…	Chronobiol Int	Abs

Cognitive Profile of Obesity Psychological Correlates of Obesity

Reference	Title	Journal
Jansen, A (2015)	A cognitive profile of obesity and its translation into new interventions	Front Psychol	Full
van der Merwe, MT (2007)	Psychological correlates of obesity in women	Int J Obes	Full

Cooking (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Mills, S (2017)	Frequency of eating home cooked meals and potential benefits for diet and health: cross-sectional…	IJBNPA	Full
Taillie & Poti (2017)	Associations of cooking with dietary intake and obesity among supplemental nutrition assistance p…	Am J Prev Med	Full

Cortisol (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Bengtsson, I (2010)	The cortisol awakening response and the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of middle…	Metabolism	Abs
Chao, AM (2017)	Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related horomones: prospective prediction of 6-month changes…	Obesity	Full
Garcez, A (2018)	Basal cortisol levels and metabolic sydrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observation…	Psychoneuroendocrinology	Abs
Joseph, JJ (2017)	Antecedent longitudinal changes in body mass index are associated with diurnal cortisol curve fea…	Metabolism	Full
Therrien, F (2007)	Awakening cortisol response in lean, obese, and reduced obese individuals: effect of gender and f…	Obesity	Full
Wallerius, S (2014)	Rise in moring salivary cortisol is associated with abdominal obesity in men: a preliminary report	J Endocrinol Invest	Abs

Culture Western Lifestyle

Reference	Title	Journal
Esparza, J (2000)	Daily energy expenditure in Mexican and USA Pima Indians: low physical activity as a possible cau…	Int J Obes	Full
Hazuda, HP (1988)	Effects of acculturation and socioeconomic status on obesity and diabetes in Mexican Americans	Am J Epidemiol	Abs
Holboe-Ottesen, G (2012)	Changes in dietary habits after migration and consquences for health: a foucs on South Asians in…	Food Nutr Res	Full
Kato, H (1973)	Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawai…	Am J Epidemiol	Abs
Khan, LK (1997)	Acculturation, socioeconomic status, and obesity in Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, and Puert…	Int J Obes	Full
Luke, A (2001)	Heritability of obesity-related traits among Nigerians, Jamaicans, and US black people	Int J Obes	Full
Odegaard, AO (2012)	Western-style fast food intake and cardiometabolic risk in an Eastern country clinical perspective	Circulation	Full
Pan, A (2012)	Exporting diabetes mellitus to Asia: The impact of western-style fast food	Circulation	Full
Ravussin, E (1994)	Effects of a traditional lifestyle on obesity in Pima Indians	Diabetes Care	Abs
Ravussin, E (1995)	Metabolic differences and the development of obesity	Metabolism	Abs

DNA - Genotype Phenotype (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Martinez, JA (2003)	Nutrient-gene interactions obesity risk is associated with carbohydrate intake in women carrying…	J Nutr	Full
Prior, SJ (2011)	ADRB2 haplotype is associated with glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese postmenopau…	Obesity	Full
Bienertova-Vasku, J (2009)	Effect of ID ACE gene polymorphism on dietary composition and obesity-related anthropometric para…	Genes Nutr	Full
Cornelis, MC (2009)	TCF7L2, dietary carbohydrate, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Memisoglu, A (2003)	Interaction between a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y gene polymorphism and dietary…	Hum Mol Genet	Full
Sonestedt, E (2009)	Fat and carbohydrate intake modify the association between genetic variation in the FTO genotype…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Smith, CE (2013)	Apolipoprotein A2 polymorphism interacts with intakes of dairy foods to influence body weight in…	J Nutr	Full
Corella, D (2011)	A high intake of saturated fatty acids strengthens the association between the fat mass and obesi…	J Nutr	Full
Elks, CE (2012)	Variability in the heritability of body mass index: a systematic review and meta-regression	Front Endo	Full
Speliotes, EK (2010)	Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index	Nature Gene	Full
Yengo, L (2018)	Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ~700000 indivi…	Hum Molec Gene	Full

Depression (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Blaine, B (2008)	Does depression cause obesity? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of depression and weight c…	J Health Psych	Full
Clum, GA (2014)	Associations between depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, eating styles, exercise and body mass in…	J Behav Med	Abs
Heo, M (2006)	Depressive mood and obesity in US adults: comparison and moderation by sex, age, and race	Int J Obes	Full
Konttinen, H (2019)	Depression, emotional eating and long-term weight changes: a population-based prospective study	IJBNPA	Full
Luppino, FS (2010)	Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies	Arch Gen Psychiatry	Full
Vittengl, JR (2018)	Mediation of the bidirectional relations between obesity and depression among women	Psychiatry Res	Abs

Diet Quality (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Asghari, G (2017)	A systematic review of diet quality indices in relation to obesity	Br J Nutr	Full
Fung, TT (2015)	Long-term change in diet quality is associated with body weight change in men and women	J Nutr	Full
Hall, KD (2018)	Did the food environment cause the obesity epidemic?	Obesity	Full
Holmback, I (2010)	A high eating frequency is associated with an overall healthy lifestyle in middle-aged men and wo…	Br J Nutr	Full
Quatromoni, PA (2006)	Dietary quality predicts adult weight gain: findings from the Framingham Offspring Study	Obesity	Full
Silva, FM (2018)	Consumption of ultra-processed food and obesity: cross sectional results from the Brazilian Longi…	Public Health Nutr	Full
Wolongevicz, DM (2010)	Diet quality and obesity in women: the Framingham Nutrition studies	Br J Nutr	Full

Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Ford, D (2017)	Evaluation of diet pattern and weight gain in postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women’s Health…	Br J Nutr	Full

Dietary Restraint (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Bellisle, F (2004)	The eating inventory and body adiposity from leanness to massive obesity: a study of 2509 adults	Obes Res	Full
Boschi, V (2001)	The three-factor eating questionnaire in the evaluation of eating behaviour in subjects seeking p…	Ann Nutr Metab	Abs
Cornelis, MC (2014)	Obesity susceptibility loci and uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognitive restraint beh…	Obesity	Full
de Lauzon-Guillain, B (2006)	Is restrained eating a risk factor for weight gain in a general population?	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Drapeau, V (2003)	Do 6-y changes in eating behaviors predict changes in body weight? Results from the Quebec Family…	Int J Obes	Full
Dykes, J (2004)	Socioeconomic gradient in body size and obesity among women: the role of dietary restraint, disin…	Int J Obes	Full
Hays & Roberts (2007)	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weight gain and BMI in…	Obesity	Full
Hays, NP (2002)	Eating behavior correlates of adult weight gain and obesity in healthy women aged 55-65 y	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Lowe, MR (2013)	Dieting and restrained eating as prospective predictors of weight gain	Front Psychol	Full
McGuire, MT (2001)	The relationship between restraint and weight and weight-related behaviors among individuals in a…	Int J Obes	Full
Provencher, V (2004)	Eating behaviours, dietary profile and body composition according to dieting history in men and w…	Br J Nutr	Full
Provencher, V (2003)	Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Quebec family study	Obes Res	Full
Savage, JS (2009)	Dieting, restraint, and disinhibition predict women’s weight change over 6 y	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Sung, J (2009)	Relationship of eating behavior to long-term weight change and body mass index. The healthy twin…	Eating and Weight Disorders	Abs
Williamson, DA (1995)	Association of body mass with dietary restraint and disinhibition	Appetite	Abs

Dietary Restraint - Flexible vs Rigid Control (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Drapeau, V (2003)	Do 6-y changes in eating behaviors predict changes in body weight? Results from the Quebec Family…	Int J Obes	Full
Hays & Roberts (2007)	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weight gain and BMI in…	Obesity	Full
McGuire, MT (2001)	The relationship between restraint and weight and weight-related behaviors among individuals in a…	Int J Obes	Full
Provencher, V (2004)	Eating behaviours, dietary profile and body composition according to dieting history in men and w…	Br J Nutr	Full
Provencher, V (2003)	Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Quebec family study	Obes Res	Full

Dieting - More Harm than Good

Reference	Title	Journal
Aphramor, L (2010)	Validity of claims made in weight managemen research: a narrative review of dietetic articles	Nutr J	Full
Bosomworth, NJ (2012)	The downside of weight loss. Realistic intervention in body-weight trajectory	Can Fam Physician	Full
Cannon, G (2005)	Dieting. Makes you fat?	Br J Nutr	Full
Cooper, Z (2010)	Testing a new cognitive behavioural treatment for obesity: a randomized controlled trial with thr…	Behav Res Ther	Full
Eckel, RH (2005)	The dietary approach to obesity. Is it the diet or the disorder?	JAMA	Abs
Field, AE (2007)	Race and gender differences in the association of dieting and gains in BMI among young adults	Obesity	Full
Hill, AJ (2004)	Does dieting make you fat?	Br J Nutr	Full
Juhaeri, J (2001)	Weight change among self-reported dieters and non-dieters in white and African American men and w…	Eur J Epidemiol	Abs
Korkeila, M (1999)	Weight-loss attempts and risk of major weight gain: a prospective study in Finnish adults	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Lowe, MR (2004)	Dieting: really harmful, merely ineffective or actually helpful?	Br J Nutr	Full
Lowe, MR (2013)	Dieting and restrained eating as prospective predictors of weight gain	Front Psychol	Full
Lowe, MR (2015)	Dieting: proxy or cause of future weight gain?	Obes Rev	Full
Mann, T (2007)	Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: diets are not the answer	Am Psychologist	Abs
Neumark-Sztainer, D (2006)	Obesity, disordered eating, and eating disorders in a longitudinal study of adolescents: how do d…	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs
Nordmo, M (2020)	The challenge of keeping it off, a descriptive systematic review of high-quality, follow-up studi…	Obes Rev	Abs
Pietilainen, KH (2012)	Does dieting make you fat: A twin study	Int J Obes	Full
Provencher, V (2004)	Eating behaviours, dietary profile and body composition according to dieting history in men and w…	Br J Nutr	Full
Rideout & Barr (2009)	“Restrained Eating” vs “Trying to Lose Weight”: how are they associated with body weight and tend…	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs
Savage, JS (2009)	Dieting, restraint, and disinhibition predict women’s weight change over 6 y	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Siahpush, M (2015)	Dieting increases the likelihood of subsequent obesity and BMI gain: results from a prospective s…	Int J Behav Med	Abs
Strychar, I (2009)	Anthropometric, Metabolic, Psychosocial, and Dietary Characteristics of Overweight/Obese postmeno…	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs

Dinner Skipping (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Yamamoto, R (2021)	Associations of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner with weight gain and overweight/obesity in…	Nutrients	Full

Disinhibition (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Bellisle, F (2004)	The eating inventory and body adiposity from leanness to massive obesity: a study of 2509 adults	Obes Res	Full
Boschi, V (2001)	The three-factor eating questionnaire in the evaluation of eating behaviour in subjects seeking p…	Ann Nutr Metab	Abs
Bryant, EJ (2007)	Disinhibition: its effects on appetite and weight regulation	Obes Rev	Abs
Carr, KA (2014)	Food reinforcement, dietary disinhibition and weight gain in nonobese adults	Obesity	Full
Drapeau, V (2003)	Do 6-y changes in eating behaviors predict changes in body weight? Results from the Quebec Family…	Int J Obes	Full
Dykes, J (2004)	Socioeconomic gradient in body size and obesity among women: the role of dietary restraint, disin…	Int J Obes	Full
Hays & Roberts (2007)	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weight gain and BMI in…	Obesity	Full
Hays, NP (2002)	Eating behavior correlates of adult weight gain and obesity in healthy women aged 55-65 y	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Provencher, V (2004)	Eating behaviours, dietary profile and body composition according to dieting history in men and w…	Br J Nutr	Full
Provencher, V (2003)	Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Quebec family study	Obes Res	Full
Williamson, DA (1995)	Association of body mass with dietary restraint and disinhibition	Appetite	Abs

Driving (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Ding, D (2014)	Driving: a road to unhealthy lifestyles and poor health outcomes	PLOS ONE	Full
McCormack & Virk (2014)	Driving towards obesity: a systematized literature review on the association between motor vehicl…	Prev Med	Abs
Sugiyama, T (2013)	Commuting by car: weight gain among physically active adults	Am J Prev Med	Abs

Eating Rate Speed (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Hsieh, SD (2011)	Eating until feeling full and rapid eating both increase metabolic risk factors in Japanese men a…	Public Health Nutr	Full
Hurst & Fukuda (2018)	Effects of changes in eating speed on obesity in patients with diabetes: a secondary analysis of…	BMJ Open	Full
Kral, JG (2001)	Metabolic correlates of eating behavior in severe obesity	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord	Full
Lee, KS (2013)	Eating rate is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean adults	Nutr Metab Cardiovas Dis	Abs
Leong, SL (2015)	Speed of eating and 3-year BMI change: a nationwide prospective study of mid-age women	Public Health Nutr	Full
Leong, SL (2011)	Faster self-reported speed of eating is related to higher body mass index in a nationwide survery…	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs
Maruyama, K (2008)	The joint impact on being overweight of self reported behaviours of eating quickly and eating unt…	BMJ	Full
McCrickerd & Forde (2017)	Consistency of eating rate, oral processing behaviours and energy intake across meals	Nutrients	Full
Nagahama, S (2014)	Self-reported eating rate and metabolic syndrome in Japanese people: cross-sectional study	BMJ Open	Full
Ohkuma, T (2015)	Association between eating rate and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis	Int J Obes	Full
Ohkuma, T (2013)	Impact of eating rate on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors according to glucose tolerance s…	Diabetelogia	Full
Otsuka, R (2006)	Eating fast leads to obesity: findings based on self-administered questionnaires among middle-age…	J Epidemiol	Abs
Saito, A (2012)	Self-reported rate of eating is significantly associated with body mass index in Japanese patient…	Appetite	Abs
Sakurai, M (2012)	Self-reported speed of eating and 7-year risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese…	Metabolism	Abs
Sasaki, S (2003)	Self-reported rate of eating correlates with body mass index in 18-y-old Japanese women	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord	Full
Tanihara, S (2011)	Retrospective longitudinal study on the relationship between 8-year weight change and current eat…	Appetite	Abs
Yamane, M (2014)	Relationships between eating quickly and weight gain in Japanese university students: a longitudi…	Obesity	Full

Eating Until Full (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Hsieh, SD (2011)	Eating until feeling full and rapid eating both increase metabolic risk factors in Japanese men a…	Public Health Nutr	Full
Maruyama, K (2008)	The joint impact on being overweight of self reported behaviours of eating quickly and eating unt…	BMJ	Full

Elevation, Urbanization, and Ambient Temperature (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Diaz-Gutierrez, J (2016)	Living at higher altitude and incidence of overweight/obesity: prospective analysis of the SUN co…	PLOS ONE	Full
Dunnwald, T (2019)	Body composition and body weight changes at different altitude levels: a systematic review and me…	Front Physiol	Full
Speakman & Heidari-Bakavoli (2016)	Type 2 diabetes, but not obesity, prevalence is positively associated with ambient temperature	Scientifc Rep	Full
Voss, JD (2013)	Association of elevation, urbanization and ambient temperature with obesity prevalence in the Uni…	Int J Obes	Full
Voss, JD (2014)	Lower obesity rate during residence at high altitude among a military population with frequent mi…	PLOS ONE	Full
Woolcott, OO (2016)	Inverse association between altitude and obesity: a prevalence study among Andean and low-altitud…	Obesity	Full

Emotional Eating (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Cornelis, MC (2014)	Obesity susceptibility loci and uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognitive restraint beh…	Obesity	Full
de Lauzon-Guillain, B (2006)	Is restrained eating a risk factor for weight gain in a general population?	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Dohle, S (2014)	Physical activity as a moderator of the association between emotional eating and BMI: Evidence fr…	Psychology & Health	Abs
Hays & Roberts (2007)	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weight gain and BMI in…	Obesity	Full
Koenders & van Strien (2011)	Emotional eating, rather than lifestyle behavior, drives weight gain in a prospective study in 15…	JOEM	Abs
Konttinen, H (2019)	Depression, emotional eating and long-term weight changes: a population-based prospective study	IJBNPA	Full
Sung, J (2009)	Relationship of eating behaviour to long-term weight change and body mass index	Eat Weight Disord	Abs
van Strien, T (2012)	Eating style, overeating and weight gain: a prospective 2-year follow-up study in a representativ…	Appetite	Abs
van Strien, T (1986)	Life events, emotional eating and change in body mass index	Int J Obes	Abs
van Strien, T (2014)	Effect of emotional eating and short sleep duration on weight gain in female employees	J Occup Environ Med	Abs

Emotional Regulation Difficulties (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Fernandes, J (2018)	Emotional processing in obesity: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis	Obes Rev	Abs
Willem, C (2019)	Difficulties in emotion regulation and deficits in interoceptive awareness in moderate and severe…	Eating Weight Dis	Abs

Energy Density (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2008)	Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Du, H (2009)	Dietary energy density in relation to subsequent changes of weight and waist circumference in Eur…	PLOS ONE	Full
Duffey & Popkin (2011)	Energy density, portion size, and eating occasions: contributions to increased energy intake in t…	PLOS MED	Full
Ello-Martin, JA (2005)	The influence of food portion size and energy density on energy intake: implications for weight m…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Fogelholm, M (2012)	Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult p…	Food Nutr Res	Full
Ledikwe, JH (2005)	Portion sizes and the obesity epidemic	J Nutr	Full
Rouhani, MH (2016)	Associations between dietary energy density and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of…	Nutrition	Abs
Savage, JS (2008)	Dietary energy density predicts women’s weight change over 6 y	Am J Clin Nutr	Full

Environmental Chemicals Endocrine Disruptors (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Gohlke & Allison (2013)	Evidence for obesogens: Interpretations and next steps	Obesity	Full
Gupta, R (2020)	Endocrine disruption and obesity: a curent review on environmental obesogens	Curr Res Green Sustain Chem	Full
Heindel & Schug (2013)	The Perfect Storm for Obesity	Obesity	Full
Kelishadi, R (2013)	Role of environmental chemical in obesity: A systematic review on the current evidence	J Environ Public Health	Full
LaKind, JS (2012)	Use of NHANES data to link chemical exposures to chronic diseases: a cautionary tale	PLOS ONE	Full
Legler, J (2013)	An integrated approach to assess the role of chemical exposure in obesity	Obesity	Full
Lim, JS (2011)	Inverse associations between long-term weight change and serum concentrations of persistent organ…	Int J Obes	Full
Sharpe & Drake (2013)	Obesogens and obesity –an alternative view?	Obesity	Full
Weisskopf, MG (2012)	What me worry? Chemicals and causality	Epidemiology	Abs

Evening Eating & Eating Before Bed (PM) (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Brewer, EA (2003)	The relationship between eating behaviors and obesity in African American and Caucasian women	Eat Behav	Abs
Casazza, K (2014)	Weighing the evidence of common beliefs in obesity research	Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr	Full
Forslund, HB (2002)	Meal patterns and obesity in Swedish women-a simple instrument describing usual meal types, frequ…	EJCN	Full
Kant, AK (1997)	Evening eating and subsequent long-term weight change in a national cohort	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord	Full
Kerksick, CM (2017)	International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing	J Int Soc Sports Nutr	Full
Kinsey & Ormsbee (2015)	The health impact of nighttime eating: old and new perspectives	Nutrients	Full
Kinsey, AW (2014)	Influence of night-time protein and carbohydrate intake on appetite and cardiometabolic risk in s…	Br J Nutr	Full
Ormsbee, MJ (2015)	The influence of nighttime feeding of carbohydrate or protein combined with exercise training on…	Appl Physiol Nutr Metab	Abs
Xiao, Q (2019)	Meal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype	Int J Obes	Full
Baron, KG (2011)	Role of sleep timing in caloric intake and BMI	Obesity	Full
Baron, KG (2013)	Contribution of evening macronutrient intake to total caloric intake and body mass index	Appetite	Full
Wang, JB (2013)	Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults	Hum Nutr Dietetic	Abs
Okada, C (2019)	The association of having a late dinner or bedtime snack and skipping breakfast with overweight i…	J Obes	Full
Maukonen, M (2019)	Chronotype and energy intake timing in relation to changes in anthropometrics: a 7-year follow-up…	Chronobiol Int	Abs
Bo, S (2014)	Consuming more of daily caloric intake at dinner predisposes to obesity. A 6-year population-base…	PLOS ONE	Full
Wang, JB (2014)	Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults	J Hum Nutr Diet	Abs
Waller, SM (2004)	Evening ready-to-eat cereal consumption contributes to weight management	J Am Coll Nutr	Abs

Executive Function after Weight Loss (RCT)

Reference	Title	Journal
Brinkworth, GD (2009)	Long-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet on mood and cognitive function	Arch Intern Med	Full
Bryan & Tiggemann (2001)	The effect of weight-loss dieting on cognitive performance and psychological well-being in overwe…	Appetite	Abs
Gunstad, J (2011)	Improved memory function 12 weeks after bariatric surgery	Surg Obes Relat Dis	Full
Halyburton, AK (2007)	Low- and high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets have similar effects on mood but not cognitive perfo…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full

Executive Function and Obesity (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Smith, E (2011)	A review of the association between obesity and cognitive function across the lifespan: implicati…	Obes Rev	Abs
Yang, Y (2018)	Executive function performance in obesity and overweight individuals: a meta-analysis and review	Neurosci Biobehav Rev	Abs

External Eating (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Hays & Roberts (2007)	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weight gain and BMI in…	Obesity	Full
van Strien, T (2018)	Causes of emotional eating and matched treatment of obesity	Curr Diab Rep	Full
van Strien, T (2009)	Eating style, overeating, and overweight in a representative Dutch sample. Does external eating p…	Appetite	Abs

Farmers Markets and Co-Ops (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Jilcott, SB (2011)	Examining associations among obesity and per capita farmers’ markets, grocery stores/supermarkets…	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs
Minaker, LM (2016)	Associations between frequency of food shopping at different store types and diet and weight outc…	Public Health Nutr	Full

Fast Food Intake (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Bahadoran, Z (2013)	Fast food consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome after 3-years of follow-up: Tehran Lipid…	Eur J Clin Nutr	Full
Barnes, TL (2015)	Fast-food consumption, diet quality and body weight: cross-sectional and prospective associations…	Public Health Nutr	Full
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2006)	Predictors of weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: the Sequimiento Universidad de Navarra Study	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Bhutani, S (2018)	Frequency of eating out at both fast-food and sit-down restaurants was associated with high body…	Am J Health Promot	Abs
Boggs, DA (2013)	Restaurant foods, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, and obesity risk among young African American women	Ethn Dis	Full
Duffey, K (2007)	Differential associations of fast food and restaurant food consumption with 3-y change in body ma…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Garcia, G (2012)	The fast food and obesity link: consumption patterns and severe obesity	Obes Surg	Abs
Marlow & Shiers (2012)	The relationship between fast food and obesity	Appl Econ Letters	Abs
Odegaard, AO (2012)	Western-style fast food intake and cardiometabolic risk in an Eastern country clinical perspective	Circulation	Full
Pereira, M (2005)	Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective ana…	Lancet	Abs
Rosenheck, R (2008)	Fast food consumpion and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a trajectory towards we…	Obes Rev	Full
Taillie & Poti (2017)	Associations of cooking with dietary intake and obesity among supplemental nutrition assistance p…	Am J Prev Med	Full

Fat Intake (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Austin, GL (2011)	Trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes and association with energy intake in normal-wei…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2008)	Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Cao, YJ (2020)	Associations of fat and carbohydrate intake with becoming overweight and obese: an 11-year longit…	Br J Nutr	Abs
Field, AE (2007)	Dietary fat and weight gain among women in the nurses’ health study	Obesity	Full
Fogelholm, M (2012)	Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult p…	Food Nutr Res	Full
Ford, D (2017)	Evaluation of diet pattern and weight gain in postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women’s Health…	Br J Nutr	Full
Hall, KD (2018)	Did the food environment cause the obesity epidemic?	Obesity	Full
Hooper, L (2012)	Effect of reducing total fat intake on body weight: systematic review and meta-analysis of random…	BMJ	Full
Howard, BV (2006)	Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years. The womens health initiative dietary modi…	JAMA	Full
Koh-Banerjee, P (2003)	Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol con…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Leibel, RL (1992)	Energy intake required to maintain body weight is not affected by wide variation in diet composition	Am J Clin Nutr	Abs
Lissner & Heitmann (1995)	Dietary fat and obesity: evidence from epidemiology	Eur J Clin Nutr	Abs
Ludwig, DS (1999)	Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults	JAMA	Full
Macdiarmid, JI (1996)	High and low fat consumers, their macronutrient intake and body mass index: further analysis of t…	Eur J Clin Nutr	Abs
Pearcey & de Castro (2002)	Food intake and meal patterns of weight-stable and weight-gaining persons	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Raatz, SK (2017)	Relationship of the reported intakes of fat and fatty acids to body weight in US adults	Nutrients	Full
Romieu, I (1988)	Energy intake and other determinants of relative weight	Am J Clin Nutr	Abs
Saltzman, E (1997)	Effect of high-fat and low-fat diets on voluntary energy intake and substrate oxidation: studies…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Seidell, JC (1998)	Dietary fat and obesity: an epidemiological perspective	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Verboeket-van de Venne (1996)	Long-term effects of consumption of full-fat or reduced-fat products in healthy non-obese volunte…	Metabolism	Abs
Vergnaud, AC (2013)	Macronutrient composition of the diet and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-P…	PLOS ONE	Full
Willet & Leibel (2002)	Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat	Am J Med	Abs
Willett, WC (1998)	Dietary fat and obesity: an unconvincing relation	Am J Clin Nutr	Abs

Food Away from Home (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2010)	A prospective study of eating away-from-home meals and weight gain in a Mediterranean population:…	Public Health Nutr	Full
Du, WW (2016)	Gender difference in the association between food away-from-home consumption and body weight outc…	Public Health Nutr	Full
Fulkerson, JA (2011)	Away-from-home family dinner sources and associations with weight status, body composition and re…	J Am Diet Assoc	Full
Kant & Graubard (2004)	Eating out in America, 1987-2000: trends and nutritional correlates	Prev Med	Abs
Kant, AK (2010)	Away from home meals: associations with biomarkers of chronic disease and dietary intake in Ameri…	Int J Obes	Full
Kim & Ahn (2020)	Eating out and consumers’ health: evidence on obesity and balanced nutrition intakes	IJERPH	Full
Kim, TH (2014)	Food away from home and body mass outcomes: taking heterogeneity into account enchances quality o…	Nutrition	Abs
Nago, ES (2014)	Association of out-of-home eating with anthropometric changes: systematic review of prospective s…	Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr	Abs
Seguin, RA (2016)	Consumption frequency of foods away from home linked with higher body mass index and lower fruit…	J Environ Public Health	Full
Smith, KJ (2009)	Takeaway food consumption and its associations with diet quality and abdominal obesity: a cross-s…	IJBNPA	Full

Food Cravings (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Boswell & Kober (2016)	Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta-analytic review	Obes Rev	Full
Chao, A (2014)	Food cravings, food intake, and weight status in a community-based sample	Eating Behav	Full
Chao, A (2015)	Food cravings mediate the relationship between chronic stress and body mass index	J Health Psychol	Full

Food Cue Reactivity

Reference	Title	Journal
Boswell & Kober (2016)	Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta-analytic review	Obes Rev	Full
Gerlach, G (2015)	Personality traits and obesity: a systematic review	Obes Rev	Abs
Jansen, A (2015)	A cognitive profile of obesity and its translation into new interventions	Front Psychol	Full
Jastreboff, AM (2013)	Neural correlates of stress- and food cue-induced food craving in obesity	Diabetes Care	Full
Tetley, A (2009)	Individual differences in food-cue reactivity. The role of BMI and everyday portion-size selections	Appetite	Abs
van den Akker, K (2018)	Learned overeating: applying principles of pavlovian conditioning to explain and treat overeating	Curr Addict Rep	Full

Food Deserts (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Budzynska, K (2013)	A food desert in Detroit: associations with food shopping and eating behaviours, dietary intakes,…	Public Health Nutr	Full
Cooksey-Stowers, K (2017)	Food swamps predict obesity rates better than food deserts in the United States	IJERPH	Full
Liese, AD (2017)	Food shopping and acquistion behaviors in relation to BMI among residents of low-income communiti…	IJERPH	Full
Ghosh-Dastidar, B (2014)	Distance to store, food prices, and obesity in urban food deserts	Am J Prev Med	Full

Food Environment - Macro

Reference	Title	Journal
Bergin, JE (2012)	Genetic and environmental transmission of body mass index fluctuation	Behav Genet	Full
Crino, M (2015)	The influence of population weight gain and obesity of the macronutrient composition and energy d…	Curr Obes Rep	Abs
Giskes, K (2011)	A systematic review of envrionmental factors and obesogenic dietary intakes among adults: are we…	Obes Rev	Full
Hall, KD (2018)	Did the food environment cause the obesity epidemic?	Obesity	Full
Hill & Peters (1998)	Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic	Science	Abs
Hill, JO (2003)	Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here?	Science	Abs
Jones-Smith, JC (2013)	Obesity and the food environment: income and ethnicity differences among people with diabetes. Th…	Diabetes Care	Full
Levine, DI (2017)	The curious history of the calorie in U.S. policy: a tradition of unfulfilled promises	Am J Prev Med	Abs
Monteiro, CA (2013)	Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system	Obes Rev	Full
Moodie, R (2013)	Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed foo…	Lancet	Abs
Segal & Allison (2002)	Twins and virtual twins: bases of relative body weight revisited	Int J Obes	Full
Swinburn, BA (2011)	The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments	Lancet	Abs
Swinburn, BA (1999)	Dissecting obesogenic environments: The development and application of a framework for identifyin…	Prev Med	Abs
Vandevijvere, S (2015)	Increased food energy supply as a major driver of the obesity epidemic	Bull World Health Organ	Full

Food Environment - Micro

Reference	Title	Journal
Giskes, K (2011)	A systematic review of envrionmental factors and obesogenic dietary intakes among adults: are we…	Obes Rev	Full
Pearcey & de Castro (2002)	Food intake and meal patterns of weight-stable and weight-gaining persons	AJCN	Full
Swinburn, BA (1999)	Dissecting obesogenic environments: The development and application of a framework for identifyin…	Prev Med	Full
Thomas, JG (2011)	Ecological momentary assessment of obesogenic eating behavior: combining person-specific and envi…	Obesity	Full

Food Groups (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Fogelholm, M (2012)	Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult p…	Food & Nutr Res	Full
Schulz, M (2002)	Food groups as predictors for short-term weight changes in men and women of the EPIC-Potsdam cohort	J Nutr	Full
Spencer, EA (2003)	Diet and body mass index in 38000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord	Full
Mozaffarian, D (2011)	Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men	NEJM	Full
Drapeau, V (2004)	Modifications in food-group consumption are related to long-term body-weight changes	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Schlesinger, S (2019)	Food groups and risk of overweight, obesity, and weight gain: a systematic review and dose-respon…	Adv Nutr	Full

Food Reward Sensitivity Food Reinforcement (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Carr, KA (2014)	Food reinforcement, dietary disinhibition and weight gain in nonobese adults	Obesity	Full
Epstein, LH (2012)	Usual energy intake mediates the relationship between food reinforcement and BMI	Obesity	Full
Giesen, JCAH (2010)	Will work for food: the association of BMI and snack reinforcement	Obesity	Full
Lipsky, LM (2016)	Power of Food Scale in association with weight outcomes and dieting in a nationally representativ…	Appetite	Full

Food Swamps (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Hall, KD (2018)	Did the food environment cause the obesity epidemic?	Obesity	Full
Cooksey-Stowers, K (2017)	Food swamps predict obesity rates better than food deserts in the United States	IJERPH	Full
Spence, JC (2009)	Relation between local food environments and obesity among adults	BMC Public Health	Full

Food Variety Dietary Diversity (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Azadbakht, L (2006)	Dietary diversity score and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults	Public Health Nutr	Full
Jayawardena, R (2013)	High dietary diversity is associated with obesity in Sri Lankan adults: an evaluation of three di…	BMC Public Health	Full
Latimer, LA (2015)	Food neophiles: profiling the adventurous eater	Obesity	Full
McCrory, MA (1999)	Dietary variety within food groups: association with energy intake and body fatness in men and women	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
McCrory, MA (2012)	Dietary (sensory) variety and energy balance	Physiol & Behavior	Abs
Raynor, HA (2012)	Can limiting variety assist with reducing energy intake and weight loss?	Physiol Behav	Full

Genetics - Loci - Ingestion (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Cornelis, MC (2014)	Obesity susceptibility loci and uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognitive restraint beh…	Obesity	Full
Keskitalo, K (2008)	The three-factor eating questionnaire, body mass index, and responses to sweet and salty fatty fo…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Sung, J (2010)	Heritability of eating behavior assessed using the DEBQ (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire) and…	Obesity	Full

Ghrelin (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Chao, AM (2017)	Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related horomones: prospective prediction of 6-month changes…	Obesity	Full
Monti, V (2006)	Relationship of ghrelin and leptin hormones with body mass index and waist circumference in a ran…	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs
Shiiya, T (2002)	Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion	JCEM	Full
Tschop, M (2001)	Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity	Diabetes	Full

Ghrelin after Weight Loss (RCT)

Reference	Title	Journal
Foster-Schubert, KE (2005)	Human plasma ghrelin levels increase during a one-year exercise program	JCEM	Full
Hansen, TK (2002)	Weight loss increases circulating levels of ghrelin in human obesity	Clin Endocrinol	Abs
Leidy, HJ (2004)	Circulating ghrelin is sensitive to changes in body weight during a diet and exercise program in…	JCEM	Full

Glycemic Index Load (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Hare-Bruun, H (2006)	Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to changes in body weight, body fat distribution, an…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2008)	Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
de la Fuente-Arrillaga, C (2014)	Glycemic load, glycemic index, bread and incidence of overweight/obesity in a Mediterranean cohor…	BMC Public Health	Full
Du, H (2009)	Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and subsequent changes of weight and waist circumference…	Int J Obes	Full
Smith, JD (2015)	Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change:…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full

Holiday Eating (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Bhutani, S (2020)	Change in eating pattern as a contibutor to energy intake and weight gain during the winter holid…	Int J Obes	Full
Hull, HR (2006)	The effect of the Thanksgiving holiday on weight gain	Nutr J	Full
Ma, Y (2006)	Seasonal variation in food intake, physical activity, and body weight in a predominately overweig…	Eur J Clin Nutr	Full
Schoeller, DA (2014)	The effect of holiday weight gain on body weight	Physiol Behav	Abs
Turicchi, J (2020)	Weekly, seasonal and holiday body weight fluctuation patterns among individuals engaged in a Euro…	PLOS ONE	Full
Yanovski, JA (2000)	A prospective study of holiday weight gain	NEJM	Full

Home Food Environment (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Emery, CF (2015)	Home environment and pyschosocial predictors of obesity status among community-residing men and w…	Int J Obes	Full
Gorin, AA (2011)	Home food and exercise environments of normal-weight and overweight adults	Am J Health Behav	Full
King, BM (2016)	Adults with obesity underreport high-calorie foods in the home	Health Behav Policy Rev	Full
Krukowski, RA (2010)	Differences in home food availability of high- and low-fat foods after a behavioral weight contro…	IJBNPA	Full

Home Grocery Delivery and Online Shopping (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Minaker, LM (2016)	Associations between frequency of food shopping at different store types and diet and weight outc…	Public Health Nutr	Full

Home Meal Preparation (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Laska, MN (2015)	How we eat what we eat: identifying meal routines and practices most strongly associated with hea…	Public Health Nutr	Full
Taillie & Poti (2017)	Associations of cooking with dietary intake and obesity among SNAP participants	Am J Prev Med	Full
Zong, G (2016)	Consumption of meals prepared at home and risk of type 2 diabetes: an analysis of two prospective…	PLOS Med	Full

Hunger & Body Weight (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Bellisle, F (2004)	The eating inventory and body adiposity from leanness to massive obesity: a study of 2509 adults	Obes Res	Full
Boschi, V (2001)	The three-factor eating questionnaire in the evaluation of eating behaviour in subjects seeking p…	Ann Nutr Metab	Abs
Drapeau, V (2003)	Do 6-y changes in eating behaviors predict changes in body weight? Results from the Quebec Family…	Int J Obes	Full
Drapeau, V (2007)	Appetite sensations and satiety quotient: Predictors of energy intake and weight loss	Appetite	Abs
Dykes, J (2004)	Socioeconomic gradient in body size and obesity among women: the role of dietary restraint, disin…	Int J Obes	Full
Hays & Roberts (2007)	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weight gain and BMI in…	Obesity	Full
Hays, NP (2002)	Eating behavior correlates of adult weight gain and obesity in healthy women aged 55-65 y	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Provencher, V (2004)	Eating behaviours, dietary profile and body composition according to dieting history in men and w…	Br J Nutr	Full
Provencher, V (2003)	Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Quebec family study	Obes Res	Full

Impulsivity Delayed Discounting (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Gerlach, G (2015)	Personality traits and obesity: a systematic review	Obes Rev	Abs
Nederkoorn, C (2006)	Impulsivity in obese women	Appetite	Abs
Rasmussen, EB (2010)	Percent body fat is related to delay and probability discounting for food in humans	Behavioural Processes	Abs
Terracciano, A (2009)	Facets of personality linked to underweight and overweight	Psychosom Med	Full
Thomas, JG (2015)	Delayed discounting and grit in men and women with and without obesity	Obes Sci Pract	Full
Weller, RE (2008)	Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women	Appetite	Abs

Insulin (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Chao, AM (2017)	Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related horomones: prospective prediction of 6-month changes…	Obesity	Full
Chaput, JP (2008)	A novel interaction between dietary composition and insulin secretion: effects on weight gain in…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Ludwig, DS (1999)	Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults	JAMA	Full
Odeleye, OE (1997)	Fasting hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of increased body weight gain and obesity in Pima Indian…	Diabetes	Abs
Sigal, RJ (1997)	Acute postchallenge hyperinsulinemia predicts weight gain. A prospective study	Diabetes	Abs
Swinburn, BA (1991)	Insulin resistance associated with lower rates of weight gain in Pima Indians	JCI	Full
Yost, TJ (1995)	Weight regain following sustained weight reduction is predicted by relative insulin sensitivity	Obes Res	Full

Interoceptive Awareness (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Fassino, S (2004)	Clinical, psychopathological and personality correlates of interoceptive awareness in anorexia ne…	Psychpathology	Abs
Herbert & Pollatos (2014)	Attenuated interoceptive sensitivity in overweight and obese individuals	Eat Behav	Abs
Nikoogoftar, M (2018)	Comparison between mindfullness, body consciousness and stress in obese and normal-weight people	Int J Psychol	Full
Willem, C (2019)	Difficulties in emotion regulation and deficits in interoceptive awareness in moderate and severe…	Eating Weight Dis	Abs

Irregular Shift Work (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Karlsson, B (2001)	Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a popula…	Occup Environ Med	Full
Karlsson, B (2003)	Metabolic disturbances in male workers with rotating three-shift work: results of the WOLF study	Int Arch Occup Environ Health	Abs
Liu, Q (2018)	Is shift work associated with a higher risk of overweight or obesity? A systematic review of obse…	Int J Epidemiol	Full
Marqueze, EC (2013)	Leisure-time physical activity does not fully explain the higher body mass index in irregular-shi…	Int Arch Occup Environ Health	Abs
Sun, M (2018)	Meta-analysis on shift work and risks of specific obesity types	Obes Rev	Abs

Leptin (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Chao, AM (2017)	Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related horomones: prospective prediction of 6-month changes…	Obesity	Full
Monti, V (2006)	Relationship of ghrelin and leptin hormones with body mass index and waist circumference in a ran…	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs
Shiiya, T (2002)	Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion	JCEM	Full

Life Events (i.e. medical triggers, illness, milestones)

Reference	Title	Journal
Ogden, J (2009)	Understanding the role of life events in weight loss and weight gain	Psychol Health Med	Abs
van Strien, T (1986)	Life events, emotional eating and change in body mass index	Int J Obes	Abs

Lunch (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Wang, JB (2014)	Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults	J Hum Nutr Diet	Abs

Lunch (Skipping)

Reference	Title	Journal
Berg, C (2009)	Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population	Appetite	Abs
Yamamoto, R (2021)	Associations of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner with weight gain and overweight/obesity in…	Nutrients	Full

Meal Frequency - Weight Change

Reference	Title	Journal
Aljuraiban, GS (2015)	The impact of eating frequency and time of intake on nutrient quality and body mas index: the int…	J Acad Nutr Diet	Full
Bachman, JL (2011)	Eating frequency is higher in weight loss maintainers and normal-weight individuals than in overw…	J Am Diet Assoc	Full
Bellisle, F (1997)	Meal frequency and energy balance	Br J Nutr	Full
Brewer, EA (2003)	The relationship between eating behaviors and obesity in African American and Caucasian women	Eat Behav	Abs
Carlson, O (2007)	Impact of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction on glucose regulation in healthy, no…	Metabolism	Full
Casazza, K (2014)	Weighing the evidence of common beliefs in obesity research	Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr	Full
Chiva, M (1997)	Cultural aspects of meals and meal frequency	Br J Nutr	Full
Drummond, SE (1998)	Evidence that eating frequency is inversely related to body weight status in male, but not female…	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord	Full
Duval, K (2008)	Physical activity is a confounding factor of the relation between eating frequency and body compo…	AJCN	Full
Fabry, P (1964)	The frequency of meals. Its relation to overweight, hypercholesterolemia, and decreased glucose-t…	Lancet	Abs
Forslund, HB (2002)	Meal patterns and obesity in Swedish women-a simple instrument describing usual meal types, frequ…	EJCN	Full
Holmback, I (2010)	A high eating frequency is associated with an overall healthy lifestyle in middle-aged men and wo…	Br J Nutr	Full
House, BT (2015)	Increased eating frequency linked to decreased obesity and improved metabolic outcomes	Int J Obes	Full
Howarth, NC (2007)	Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults	Int J Obes	Full
Kant, AK (1995)	Frequency of eating occasions and weight change in the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord	Abs
Kerksick, CM (2017)	International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing	J Int Soc Sports Nutr	Full
La Bounty, PM (2011)	International society of sports nutrition position stand: meal frequency	J Int Soc Sports Nutr	Full
Leech, RM (2015)	Characterizing eating patterns: a comparison of eating occasion definitions	AJCN	Full
Longnecker, MP (1997)	Eating frequency in the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (USA), 1987-1988	Appetite	Abs
Ma, Y (2003)	Association between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living US adult population	Am J Epidemiol	Full
Mattes, RD (2014)	Ingestive frequency outweighs portion size	Physiol Behav	Abs
Mattes, RD (2018)	Snacking: a cause for concern	Physiol Behav	Abs
McCrory & Campbell (2010)	Effects of eating frequency, snacking, and breakfast skipping on energy regulation: symposium ove…	J Nutr	Full
McCrory, MA (2016)	Energy and nutrient timing for weight control. Does timing of ingestion matter?	Endocrinol Metab Clinic	Abs
Mills, JP (2011)	Eating frequency is associated with energy intake but not obesity in midlife women	Obesity	Full
Murakami & Livingstone (2015)	Eating frequency is positively associated with overweight and central obesity in US adults	J Nutr	Full
Palmer, MA (2009)	Association between eating frequency, weight, and health	Nutr Rev	Full
Pot, GK (2016)	Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention s…	Proc Nutr Soc	Full
Ruidavets, JB (2002)	Eating frequency and body fatness in middle-aged men	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord	Full
Swindells, YE (1968)	The metabolic response of young women to changes in the frequency of meals	Br J Nutr	Full
Titan, SM (2001)	Frequency of eating and concentrations of serum cholesterol in the Norfolk population of the Euro…	BMJ	Full
Wang, YQ (2016)	Increased eating fequency is associated with lower obesity risk, but higher energy intake in adul…	Int J Environ Res Public Health	Full
Yannakoulia, M (2007)	Association of eating fequency with body fatness in pre- and postmenopausal women	Obesity	Full
Gill & Panda (2015)	A smartphone app reveals erratic dirunal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for heal…	Cell Metab	Full
Cahill, LE (2013)	Prospective study of breakfast eating and incident coronary heart disease in a cohort of male US…	Circulation	Full
Duffey & Popkin (2011)	Energy density, portion size, and eating occasions: contributions to increased energy intake in t…	PLOS MED	Full
Schoenfeld, BJ (2015)	Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis	Nutr Rev	Full
McCrory, MA (2011)	Eating frequency and energy restriction in free-living adults consuming self-selected diets	J Nutr	Full
Canuto, R (2017)	Eating frequency and weight and body composition: a systematic review of observational studies	Public Health Nutr	Full

Meal Planning - Weight Change (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Ducrot, P (2017)	Meal planning is associated with food variety, diet quality and body weight status in a large sam…	IJBNPA	Full

Meal Preparation - Weight Change (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Appelhans, BM (2015)	Meal preparation and cleanup time and cardiometabolic risk over 14 years in the Study of Women’s…	Prev Med	Full
Chu, YL (2012)	Time spend in home meal preparation affects energy and food group intakes among midlife women	Appetite	Abs
Kolodinsky & Goldstein (2011)	Time use and food pattern influences on obesity	Obesity	Full
Mejean, C (2018)	Influence of food preparation behaviors on 5-year weight change and obesity risk in a French pros…	IJBNPA	Full
Smith, KJ (2011)	Involvement of young Australian adults in meal preparation: cross-sectional associations with abd…	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs
Zick, CD (2011)	Time use choices and healthy body weight: a multivariate analysis of data from the American Time…	IJBNPA	Full

Meal Regularity Irregularity (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Laska, MN (2015)	How we eat what we eat: identifying meal routines and practices most strongly associated with hea…	Public Health Nutr	Full
Pot, GK (2016)	Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention s…	Proc Nutr Soc	Full
Sierra-Johnson, J (2008)	Eating meals irregularly: a novel environmental risk factor for the metabolic syndrome	Obesity	Full
Pot, GK (2016)	Irregularity of energy intake at meals: prospective associations with the metabolic syndrome in a…	Br J Nutr	Full

Mediterranean Diet (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Beunza, JJ (2010)	Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, long-term weight change, and incident overweight or obesity:…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Dinu, M (2018)	Mediterranean diet and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observati…	Eur J Clin Nutr	Abs
Ford, D (2017)	Evaluation of diet pattern and weight gain in postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women’s Health…	Br J Nutr	Full
Mendez, MA (2006)	Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced 3-year incidence of obesity	J Nutr	Full
Panagiotakos,DB (2006)	Association between the prevalence of obesity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet: the ATTICA…	Nutrition	Abs
Romaguera, D (2010)	Mediterranean dietary patterns and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Sanchez-Villegas, A (2006)	Adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern and weight gain in a follow-up study: the SUN cohort	Int J Obes	Full

Microbiome Diversity (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Menni, C (2017)	Gut microbiome diversity and high-fibre intake are related to lower long-term weight gain	Int J Obes	Full

Night Time Eating (AM)

Reference	Title	Journal
Andersen, GS (2004)	Night eating and weight change in middle-aged men and women	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord	Full
Berg, C (2009)	Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population	Appetite	Abs
De Zwaan, M (2006)	Nighttime eating: a descriptive study	Int J Eat Disord	Abs
Gluck, ME (2008)	Nighttime eating: commonly observed and related to weight gain in an inpatient food intake study	AJCN	Full
Tholin, S (2009)	Prevalence of night eating in obese and nonobese twins	Obesity	Full
Cahill, LE (2013)	Prospective study of breakfast eating and incident coronary heart disease in a cohort of male US…	Circulation	Full
Cleator, J (2012)	Night eating syndrome: implications for severe obesity	Nutr Diab	Full
Rand, CS (1998)	The night eating syndrome in the general population and among postoperative obesity surgery patients	Int J Eat Disord	Abs
Colles, SL (2007)	Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psycholo…	Int J Obes	Full

Number of Weight Loss Attempts and Prospective Weight Change

Reference	Title	Journal
Fabricatore, AN (2008)	Weight loss expectations and goals in a population sample of overweight and obese US adults	Obesity	Full
Jantz, EJ (2009)	Number of weight loss attempts and maximum weight loss before Roux-en-Y laparoscopic gastric bypa…	Surgery Obes Relat Dis	Abs
Kerrigan, SG (2018)	The association between previous success with weight loss through dietary change and success in a…	J Behav Med	Full
Latner & Ciao (2012)	Weight-loss history as a predictor of obesity treatment outcome: prospective, long-term results f…	J Health Psychol	Abs
Teixeira, PJ (2004)	Who will lose weight? A reexamination of predictors of weight loss in women	IJBNPA	Full

Nutrition Knowledge (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Bonaccio, M (2013)	Nutrition knowledge is associated with higher adherence to Mediterranean diet and lower prevalenc…	Appetite	Abs
Burns, CM (1987)	Nutrition knowledge in the obese and overweight	Int J Obes	Abs
Dallongeville, J (2000)	Association between nutrition knowledge and nutritional intake in middle-aged men from Northern F…	Public Health Nutr	Full
Kaufer-Horwitz, M (2015)	Knowledge of appropriate foods and beverages needed for weight loss and diet of patients in an ob…	Eur J Clin Nutr	Full
Laz, TH (2015)	Level of nutrition knowledge and its association with weight loss behaviors among low-income repr…	J Community Health	Full
O’Brien & Davies (2006)	Nutrition knowledge and body mass index	Health Educ Res	Full
Vriendt, TD (2009)	Determinants of nutrition knowledge in young and middle-aged Belgian women and the association wi…	Appetite	Abs
Zhou, L (2017)	The impact of changes in dietary knowledge on adult overweight and obesity in China	PLOS ONE	Full

Perceived Weight Status and Body Weight Change (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Cuypers, K (2012)	Being normal weight but feeling overweight in adolescence may affect weight development into youn…	J Obes	Full
Daly, M (2017)	Does knowing hurt? Perceiving oneself as overweight predicts future physical health and well-being	Psychol Sci	Full
Duong & Roberts (2014)	Perceived weight in youths and risk of overweight or obesity six years later	J Psychosom Res	Full
Haynes, A (2018)	A systematic review of the relationship between weight status perceptions and weight loss attempt…	Obes Rev	Full
Inoue, M (2010)	Lifestyle, weight perception and change in body mass index of Japanese workers. MY Health Up Study	Public Health	Abs
Robinson, E (2015)	Perceived weight status and risk of weight gain across life in US and UK adults	Int J Obes	Full
Sonneville, KR (2016)	Helpful or harmful? Prospective association between weight misperception and weight gain among ov…	Int J Obes	Full
Wang, ML (2017)	Perceived weight status and weight change among a US adult sample	Obesity	Full

Persistent Organic Pollutants (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Dirinck, E (2011)	Obesity and persistent organic pollutants: possible obesogenic effect of organochlorine pesticide…	Obesity	Full
Elobeid, MA (2010)	Endocrine disruptors and obesity: an examination of selected persistent organic pollutants in the…	IJERPH	Full
Lee, DH (2006)	A strong dose-response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and…	Diabetes Care	Full
Lim, JS (2008)	Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the US populat…	Diabetes Care	Full
Yang, C (2017)	Persistent organic pollutants as risk factors for obesity and diabetes	Curr Diab Rep	Abs

Personality Traits (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Elfhag & Morey (2008)	Personality traits and eating behavior in the obese: Poor self-control in emotional and external…	Eating Behav	Abs
Gerlach, G (2015)	Personality traits and obesity: a systematic review	Obes Rev	Abs
Jokela, M (2013)	Association of personality with the development and persistence of obesity: a meta-analysis based…	Obes Rev	Full
Sutin & Terracciano (2016)	Personality traits and body mass index: modifiers and mechanisms	Psychol Health	Full
Terracciano, A (2009)	Facets of personality linked to underweight and overweight	Psychosom Med	Full
Wimmelmann, CL (2018)	Associations of personality with body mass index and obesity in a large late midlife community sa…	Obes Facts	Full

Plate Clearing (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Krassner, HA (1979)	Cleaning the plate: food left over by overweight and normal weight persons	Behav Res Ther	Abs
Robinson & Hardman (2016)	Empty plates and larger waists: a cross-sectional study of factors associated with plate clearing…	Eur J Clin Nutr	Full
Robinson, E (2015)	Is plate clearing a risk factor for obesity? A cross-sectional study of self-reported data in US…	Obesity	Full

Portion Size (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Berg, C (2009)	Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population	Appetite	Abs
Brewer, EA (2003)	The relationship between eating behaviors and obesity in African American and Caucasian women	Eat Behav	Abs
Casazza, K (2014)	Weighing the evidence of common beliefs in obesity research	Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr	Full
Mattes, RD (2014)	Ingestive frequency outweighs portion size	Physiol Behav	Abs
Steenhuis & Poelman (2017)	Portion size: latest developments and interventions	Curr Obes Rep	Full
Young & Nestle (2002)	The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the us obesity epidemic	Am J Public Health	Full
Duffey & Popkin (2011)	Energy density, portion size, and eating occasions: contributions to increased energy intake in t…	PLOS MED	Full
Ello-Martin, JA (2005)	The influence of food portion size and energy density on energy intake: implications for weight m…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Ledikwe, JH (2005)	Portion sizes and the obesity epidemic	J Nutr	Full
Kant & Graubard (2006)	Secular trends in patterns of self-reported food consumption of adult Americans: NHANES 1971-1975…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full

Portion Size (RCT)

Reference	Title	Journal
Jeffery, RW (2007)	Effects of portion size on chronic energy intake	IJBNPA	Full
French, SA (2014)	Portion size effects on weight gain in a free living setting	Obesity	Full

Prevention of Obesity (RCT)

Reference	Title	Journal
Galani & Schneider (2007)	Prevention and treatment of obesity with lifestyle interventions: review and meta-analysis	Int J Public Health	Abs
Wing, RR (2016)	Innovative self-regulation strategies to reduce weight gain in young adults: The study of novel a…	JAMA Int Med	Full
Anderssen, SA (1996)	Improved carbohydrate metabolism after physical training and dietary intervention in individuals…	J Intern Med	Abs
Burke, V (2005)	Effects of a lifestyle programme on ambulatory blood pressure and drug dosage in treated hyperten…	J Hypertension	Abs
Simkin-Sliverman, LR (2003)	Lifestyle intervention can prevent weight gain during meopause: results from a 5-year randomized…	Ann Behav Med	Abs

Processed Ingredients (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Adams & White (2015)	Characterisation of UK diets according to degree of food processing and associations with socio-d…	IJBNPA	Full

Protein Intake (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Agnoli, C (2021)	Macronutrient composition of the diet and long-term changes in weight and waist circumference in…	Nutr Metab Cardio Dis	Full
Ankarfeldt, MZ (2015)	Dietary protein and urinary nitrogen in relation to 6-year changes in fat mass and fat-free mass	Int J Obes	Full
Austin, GL (2011)	Trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes and association with energy intake in normal-wei…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Fogelholm, M (2012)	Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult p…	Food Nutr Res	Full
Ludwig, DS (1999)	Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults	JAMA	Full
Raatz, SK (2017)	Relationship of the reported intakes of fat and fatty acids to body weight in US adults	Nutrients	Full
Smith, JD (2015)	Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change:…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Vergnaud, AC (2013)	Macronutrient composition of the diet and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-P…	PLOS ONE	Full

RER - Predictive of Weight Gain

Reference	Title	Journal
Ellis, AC (2010)	Respiratory quotient predicts fat mass gain in premenopausal women	Obesity	Full
Froidevauz, F (1993)	Energy expenditure in obese women before and during weight loss, after refeeding, and in the weig…	Am J Clin Nutr	Abs
Katzmarzyk, PT (2000)	No association between resting metabolic rate or respiratory exchange ratio and subsequent change…	Eur J Clin Nutr	Full
Marra, M (1998)	Fasting respiratory quotient as a predictor of weight changes in non-obese women	Int J Obes	Full
Marra, M (2004)	Fasting respiratory quotient as a predictor of long-term weight changes in non-obese women	Ann Nutr Metab	Abs
McNeill, G (1988)	Inter-individual differences in fasting nutrient oxidation and the influence of diet composition	Int J Obes	Abs
Miles-Chan, JL (2015)	Fasting substrate oxidation at rest assessed by indirect calorimetry: is prior dietary macronutri…	Int J Obes	Full
Ravussin, E (1995)	Metabolic differences and the development of obesity	Metabolism	Abs
Schutz, Y (1995)	Abnormalities of fuel utilization as predisposing to the development of obesity in humans	Obes Res	Full
Seidell, JC (1992)	Fasting respiratory exchange ratio and resting metabolic rate as predictors of weight gain: the B…	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord	Abs
Valtuena, S (1997)	The respiratory quotient as a prognostic factor in weight-loss rebound	Int J Obes	Full
Weinsier, RL (2002)	Free-living activity energy expenditure in women successful and unsuccessful at maintaining a nor…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Weinsier, RL (2003)	Low resting and sleeping energy expenditure and fat use do not contribute to obesity in women	Obes Res	Full
Weyer, C (1999)	Determinants of energy expenditure and fuel utilization in man: effects of body composition, age,…	Int J Obes	Full
Weyer, C (2000)	Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and body weight regulation: a study of metabolic adaptation to…	JCEM	Full
Zurlo, F (1990)	Low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation as a predictor of weight gain: study of 24-h RQ	AJP Endo Metab	Abs
Weinsier, RL (1995)	Metabolic Predictors of Obesity: Contribution of resting energy expenditure, thermic effect of fo…	JCI	Full

RMR - Predictive of Weight Gain

Reference	Title	Journal
Ravussin, E (1988)	Reduced rate of energy expenditure as a risk factor for body-weight gain	NEJM	Abs
Weinsier, RL (2003)	Low resting and sleeping energy expenditure and fat use do not contribute to obesity in women	Obes Res	Full
Weyer, C (1999)	Determinants of energy expenditure and fuel utilization in man: effects of body composition, age,…	Int J Obes	Full
Weyer, C (2000)	Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and body weight regulation: a study of metabolic adaptation to…	JCEM	Full
Weinsier, RL (1995)	Metabolic Predictors of Obesity: Contribution of resting energy expenditure, thermic effect of fo…	JCI	Full

Ramadan Fasting (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Kul, S (2014)	Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucose in a healthy po…	J Relig Health	Abs
MeA-IE Faris (2020)	Impact of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting on the metabolic syndrome components in healthy, n…	Br J Nutr	Full
Nachvak, SM (2019)	Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition	Eur J Clin Nutr	Abs

Ready-Meals (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
van der Horst, K (2011)	Ready-meal consumption: associations with weight status and cooking skills	Public Health Nutr	Full

Reinforcement Pathology

Reference	Title	Journal
Appelhans, BM (2009)	Neurobehavioral inhibition of reward-driven feeding: implications for dieting and obesity	Obesity	Full
Epstein, LH (2010)	Food reinforcement, delay discounting and obesity	Physiol Behav	Abs
Stojek & MacKillop (2017)	Relative reinforcing value of food and delayed reward discounting in obesity and disordered eatin…	Clinical Psych Rev	Abs

Satiety Quotient (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
McNeil, J (2014)	Satiety quotient linked to food intake and changes in anthropometry during menopause: a MONET study	Climacteric	Abs

Sedentary Behavior (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Blanck, HM (2007)	Sedentary behavior, recreational physical activity, and 7-year weight gain among postmenopausal U…	Obesity	Full
Campbell, SD (2018)	Sedentary behavior and body weight and composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analys…	Sports Med	Abs
Ekelund, U (2008)	Time spent being sedentary and weight gain in healthy adults: reverse or bidirectional causality?	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Guo, C (2019)	Association of total sedentary behaviour and television viewing with risk of overweight/obesity,…	Diabetes Obes Metab	Abs
Thorp, AA (2011)	Sedentary behaviors and subsquent health outcomes in adults. A systematic review of longitudinal…	Am J Prev Med	Abs

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Fernandez-Rhodes, L (2013)	Association of adiposity genetic variants with menarche timing in 92,105 women of European descent	Am J Epidemiol	Full
Yengo, L (2018)	Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ~700000 indivi…	Hum Molec Gene	Full

Sitting Time (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Brown, WJ (2003)	Sitting time and work patterns as indicators of overweight and obesity in Australian adults	Int J Obes	Full
Mummery, WK (2005)	Occupational sitting time and overweight and obesity in Australian workers	Am J Prev Med	Abs
Pedisic, Z (2014)	High sitting time or obesity: which came first? Bidirectional association in a longitudinal study…	Obesity	Full
Thorp, AA (2011)	Sedentary behaviors and subsquent health outcomes in adults. A systematic review of longitudinal…	Am J Prev Med	Abs

Sleep Duration (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Appelhans, BM (2013)	Sleep duration and weight change in midlife women: the SWAN sleep study	Obesity	Full
Baron, KG (2011)	Role of sleep timing in caloric intake and BMI	Obesity	Full
Dahmen, N (2001)	Increased prevalence of obesity in narcoleptic patients and relatives	Eur Arch Psych Clin	Abs
Klingenberg, L (2012)	Short sleep duration and its association with energy metabolism	Obes Rev	Abs
Knutson, KL (2007)	The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation	Sleep Med Rev	Full
Liu, R (2012)	A population-based twin study on sleep duration and body composition	Obesity	Full
Mozaffarian, D (2011)	Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men	NEJM	Full
Patterson, F (2017)	Interactive effects of sleep duration and morning/evening preference on cardiovascular risk factors	Eur J Public Health	Full
Taheri, S (2004)	Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass…	PLOS MED	Full
van Strien, T (2014)	Effect of emotional eating and short sleep duration on weight gain in female employees	J Occup Environ Med	Abs
Watson, NF (2012)	Sleep duration and body mass index in twins: a gene-environment interaction	Sleep	Full
Wu, Y (2014)	Sleep duration and obesity among adults: a meta-analysis of prospective studies	Sleep Med	Abs

Smoking (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
de Munter, JS (2015)	Longitudinal analysis of lifestyle habits in relation to body mass index, onset of overweight and…	Scan J Public Health	Abs
Kahn, HS (1997)	Stable behaviors associated with adults’ 10-year change in body mass index and likelihood of gain…	Am J Public Health	Full
Mackay, DF (2013)	Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on overweight and obesity: Scotland-wide, cross-sectional…	BMC Public Health	Full
Romieu, I (1988)	Energy intake and other determinants of relative weight	Am J Clin Nutr	Abs
Sneve & Jorde (2008)	Cross-sectional study on the relationship between body mass index and smoking, and longitudinal c…	Scan J Public Health	Abs

Smoking Cessation (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Bush, T (2016)	The effect of tobacco cessation on weight gain, obesity, and diabetes risk	Obesity	Full
Flegal, KM (1995)	The influence of smoking cessation on the prevlance of overweight in the United States	NEJM	Full
Koh-Banerjee, P (2003)	Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol con…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Mackay, DF (2013)	Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on overweight and obesity: Scotland-wide, cross-sectional…	BMC Public Health	Full
Mozaffarian, D (2011)	Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men	NEJM	Full
Taylor, CB (1994)	Effects of life-style on body mass index change	Epidemiology	Abs

Snacking (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Barnes, TL (2015)	Snacking behaviors, diety quality, and BMI in a community sample of working adults	J Acad Nutr Diet	Full
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2010)	Prospective study of self-reported usual snacking and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: The…	Clin Nutr	Abs
Forslund, HB (2005)	Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men and women compared…	Int J Obes	Full
Hampl, JS (2003)	Snacking patterns influence energy and nutrient intakes but not body mass index	J Hum Nutr Dietet	Abs
Howarth, NC (2007)	Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults	Int J Obes	Full
Mills, JP (2011)	Eating frequency is associated with energy intake but not obesity in midlife women	Obesity	Full
Njike, VY (2016)	Snack food, satiety, and weight	Adv Nutr	Full
O’Connor, L (2015)	The cross-sectional association between snacking behaviour and measures of adiposity: the Fenland…	Br J Nutr	Full

Snacking (RCT)

Reference	Title	Journal
Johnstone, AM (2000)	Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense foods given as sn…	Br J Nutr	Full
Njike, VY (2016)	Snack food, satiety, and weight	Adv Nutr	Full
Njike, VY (2017)	Snacking, satiety, and weight: a randomized, controlled trial	Am J Health Promot	Abs
van Dongen, MV (2010)	Effects of snack consumption for 8 weeks on energy intake and body weight	Int J Obes	Full

Social Network (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Christakis & Fowler (2007)	The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years	NEJM	Full
Fuentes, NS (2019)	Social network influences and the adoption of obesity-related behaviours in adults: a critical in…	BMC Public Health	Full
Zhang, S (2018)	Applications of social network analysis to obesity: a systematic review	Obes Rev	Abs

Socioeconomic Status (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Goldblatt, PB (1965)	Social factors in obesity	JAMA	Abs
Hazuda, HP (1988)	Effects of acculturation and socioeconomic status on obesity and diabetes in Mexican Americans	Am J Epidemiol	Abs
Jones-Smith, JC (2013)	Obesity and the food environment: income and ethnicity differences among people with diabetes. Th…	Diabetes Care	Full
Kaiser, KA (2012)	Conjectures on some curious connections among social status, calorie restriction, hunger, fatness…	Ann NY Acad Sci	Full
Khan, LK (1997)	Acculturation, socioeconomic status, and obesity in Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, and Puert…	Int J Obes	Full
McLaren, L (2007)	Socioeconomic status and obesity	Epidemiologic Rev	Full
Prince, SA (2011)	Neighborhood differences in objectively measured physical activity, sedentary time and body mass…	J Prev Med	Full
Zhang & Wang (2004)	Trends in the association between obesity and socioeconomic status in US adults: 1971 to 2000	Obes Res	Full

Substrate Balances - Isocaloric

Reference	Title	Journal
Abbott, WGH (1988)	Short-term energy balance: relationship with protein, carbohydrate, and fat balances	AJP Endo Metab	Abs
Abbott, WGH (1990)	Energy expenditure in humans: effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate	Am J Physiol	Abs
Boden, G (2005)	Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in ob…	Ann Intern Med	Abs
Bray & Popkin (1998)	Dietary fat intake does affect obesity	AJCN	Full
Cooling & Blundell (1998)	Differences in energy expenditure and substrate oxidation between habitual high fat and low fat c…	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord	Full
Eckel, RH (2006)	Carbohydrate balance predicts weight and fat gain in adults	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Fine & Feinman (2004)	Thermodynamics of weight loss diets	Nutr Metab	Full
Galgani, JE (2010)	Effect of a 3-day high-fat feeding period on carbohydrate balance and ad libitum energy intake in…	Int J Obesity	Full
Hall, KD (2016)	Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic diet in overweight…	AJCN	Full
Hill, JO (1991)	Nutrient balance in humans: effects of diet composition	Am J Clin Nutr	Abs
Hill, JO (1993)	Obesity treatment: can diet composition play a role?	Ann Intern Med	Abs
Hill, JO (2000)	Dietary fat intake and regulation of energy balance: implications for obesity	J Nutr	Full
Hill, JO (2012)	Energy balance and obesity	Circulation	Full
Koutsari & Sidossis (2003)	Effect of isoenergetic low-and high-carbohydrate diets on substrate kinetics and oxidation in hea…	Br J Nutr	Full
Larson, DE (1995)	Energy metabolism in weight-stable postobese individuals	Am J Clin Nutr	Abs
Lean, MEJ (1987)	Metabolic effects of isoenergetic nutrient exchange over 24 hours in relation to obesity in women	Int J Obes	Abs
Ludwig & Ebbeling (2016)	Raising the bar on the low-carbohydrate diet	AJCN	Full
Ludwig & Friedman (2014)	Increasing adiposity: consequence or cause of overeating?	JAMA	Abs
Lustig, RH (2006)	Childhood obesity: behavioral aberration or biochemical drive? Reinterpreting the First Law of Th…	Nat Clin Pract Endo Metab	Abs
Melanson, E (2009)	Exercise improves fat metabolism in muscle but does not increase 24-h fat oxidation	Med Sci Sport Rev	Full
Melanson, E (2009)	When energy balance is maintained, exercise does not induce negative fat balance in lean sedentar…	AJP Endo Metab	Full
Roberts & Das (2015)	One strike against low-carbohydrate diets	Cell Metabolism	Full
Roust, LR (1994)	Effects of isoenergetic, low-fat diets on energy metabolism in lean and obese women	AJCN	Abs
Roy, HJ (1998)	Substrate oxidation and energy expenditure in athletes and nonathletes consuming isoenergetic hig…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Schutz, Y (2004)	Dietary fat, lipogenesis and energy balance	Physiol Behavior	Abs

Supercenter or Warehouse Club (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Courtemanche & Carden (2011)	Supersizing supercenters? The impact of Walmart Supercenters on body mass index and obesity	J Urban Economics	Abs
Jilcott, SB (2011)	Examining associations among obesity and per capita farmers’ markets, grocery stores/supermarkets…	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs
Liese, AD (2017)	Food shopping and acquistion behaviors in relation to BMI among residents of low-income communiti…	IJERPH	Full
Minaker, LM (2016)	Associations between frequency of food shopping at different store types and diet and weight outc…	Public Health Nutr	Full

Television Viewing (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Ding, D (2012)	Habitual active transport, TV viewing and weight gain: A four year follow-up study	Prev Med	Abs
Guo, C (2019)	Association of total sedentary behaviour and television viewing with risk of overweight/obesity,…	Diabetes Obes Metab	Abs
Koh-Banerjee, P (2003)	Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol con…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Mozaffarian, D (2011)	Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men	NEJM	Full
Parsons, TJ (2008)	Television viewing and obesity: a prospective study in the 1958 British birth cohort	Eur J Clin Nutr	Full
Tucker, LA (1991)	Television viewing and obesity in adult females	Am J Public Health	Full
Tucker, LA (1989)	Television viewing and obesity in adult males	Am J Public Health	Full

Time Usage (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Abramowitz, J (2016)	The connection between working hours and body mass index in the US: a time use analysis	Rev Econ Household	Abs
Kolodinsky & Goldstein (2011)	Time use and food pattern influences on obesity	Obesity	Full
Pinto, KA (2018)	Gender, time use and overweight and obesity in adults: results of the Brazilian Longitudinal Stud…	PLOS ONE	Full
Zick, CD (2011)	Time use choices and healthy body weight: a multivariate analysis of data from the American Time…	IJBNPA	Full

Timing of Food Intake (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Dashti, HS (2019)	Timing of food intake: identifying contributing factors to design effective interventions	Adv Nutr	Full
McHill, AW (2019)	Caloric and macronutrient intake differ with circadian phase and between lean and overweight youn…	Nutrients	Full
McHill, AW (2017)	Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Gill & Panda (2015)	A smartphone app reveals erratic dirunal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for heal…	Cell Metab	Full
Garaulet & Gomez-Abellan (2014)	Timing of food intake and obesity: a novel association	Physiol Behav	Abs
McHill, AW (2017)	Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Xiao, Q (2019)	Meal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype	Int J Obes	Full
Thomas, EA (2021)	Later meal and sleep timing predicts higher percent body fat	Nutrients	Full

Twin Studies (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Allison, DB (1996)	The heritability of body mass index among an international sample of monozygotic twins reared apart	Int J Obes	Abs
Min, J (2013)	Variation in the heritability of body mass index based on diverse twin studies: a systematic review	Obes Rev	Full
Segal & Allison (2002)	Twins and virtual twins: bases of relative body weight revisited	Int J Obes	Full
Segal, NL (2009)	Genetic and environmental contributions to body mass index: comparative analysis of monozygotic t…	Int J Obes	Full

Ultraprocessed Food (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Adams & White (2015)	Characterisation of UK diets according to degree of food processing and associations with socio-d…	IJBNPA	Full
Askari, M (2020)	Ultra-processed food and the risk of overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysi…	Int J Obes	Abs
Beslay, M (2020)	Ultra-processed food intake in association with BMI change and risk of overweight and obesity: a…	PLOS ONE	Full
Canella, DS (2014)	Ultra-processed food products and obesity in Brazilian households (2008-2009)	PLOS ONE	Full
Juul & Hemmingsson (2015)	Trends in consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Sweden between 1960 and 2010	Public Health Nutr	Full
Juul, F (2018)	Ultra-processed food consumption and excess weight among US adults	Br J Nutr	Full
Mendonca, R (2016)	Ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of overweight and obesity: the University of Navarra Fol…	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Monteiro, CA (2017)	Household availability of ultra-processed foods and obesity in nineteen European countries	Public Health Nutr	Full
Nardocci, M (2019)	Consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Canada	Can J Public Health	Full
Pagliai, G (2021)	Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health status: a systematic review and meta-analysis	Br J Nutr	Full
Rauber, F (2020)	Ultra-processed food consumption and indicators of obesity in the United Kingdom population (2008…	PLOS ONE	Full
Silva, FM (2018)	Consumption of ultra-processed food and obesity: cross sectional results from the Brazilian Longi…	Public Health Nutr	Full

Uncontrolled Eating (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Cornelis, MC (2014)	Obesity susceptibility loci and uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognitive restraint beh…	Obesity	Full
de Lauzon-Guillain, B (2006)	Is restrained eating a risk factor for weight gain in a general population?	Am J Clin Nutr	Full
Rohrer, JE (2009)	Uncontrolled eating and obesity in adult primary care patients	Obes Res Clin Pract	Abs
Vainik, U (2019)	Uncontrolled eating: a unifying heritable trait linked with obesity, overeating, personality and…	Eur J Neurosci	Abs

Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Foods (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Adams & White (2015)	Characterisation of UK diets according to degree of food processing and associations with socio-d…	IJBNPA	Full
Nasreddine, L (2017)	A minimally processed dietary pattern is associated with lower odds of metabolic syndrome among L…	Public Health Nutr	Full

Using Media While Eating (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Laska, MN (2015)	How we eat what we eat: identifying meal routines and practices most strongly associated with hea…	Public Health Nutr	Full

Vacation (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Cooper & Tokar (2016)	A prospective study on vacation weight gain in adults	Physiol Behav	Abs
Hruska, B (2019)	Vacation frequency is associated with metabolic syndrome and symptoms	Psychol Health	Abs

Weekend Lifestyle Patterns (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Hill, C (2018)	Relationship between weekly patterns of caloric intake and reported weight loss outcomes: retrosp…	JMIR mHealth uHealth	Full
Orsama, AL (2014)	Weight rhythms: weight increases during weekends and decreases during weekdays	Obes Facts	Full
Racette, SB (2008)	Influence of weekend lifestyle patterns on body weight	Obesity	Full
Turicchi, J (2020)	Weekly, seasonal and holiday body weight fluctuation patterns among individuals engaged in a Euro…	PLOS ONE	Full

Weight Cycling and Subsequent Weight Change

Reference	Title	Journal
Ahern, AL (2011)	Weight Watchers on prescription: an observational study of weight change among adults referred to…	BMC Public Health	Full
Casazza, K (2014)	Weighing the evidence of common beliefs in obesity research	Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr	Full
French, SA (1999)	Is dieting good for you?: Prevalence, duration and associated weight and behavior changes for spe…	Int J Obes	Full
Lowe, MR (2015)	Dieting: proxy or cause of future weight gain?	Obes Rev	Abs
Siahpush, M (2015)	Dieting increases the likelihood of subsequent obesity and BMI gain: Results from a prospective s…	Int J Behav Med	Abs
Cereda, E (2011)	Weight cycling is associated with body weight excess and abdominal fat accumulation: A cross-sect…	Clin Nutr	Abs
Diaz, VA (2005)	The association between weight fluctuation and mortality: results from a population-based cohort…	J Commun Health	Abs
Kroke, A (2002)	Recent weight changes and weight cycling as predictors of subsequent two year weight change in a…	Int J Obes	Full
Lee, JS (2010)	Weight loss and regain and effect on body composition: the health, aging, and body composition study	J Gerontol Biol Sci Med	Full
Marquet, LA (2013)	No effect of weight cycling on the post-career BMI of weight class elite athletes	BMC Public Health	Full
Montani, JP (2006)	Weight cycling during growth and beyond as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: the ‘repeat…	Int J Obes	Full
Saarni, SE (2005)	Weight cycling of athletes and subsequent weight gain in middleage	Int J Obes	Full
Strychar, I (2009)	Anthropometric, Metabolic, Psychosocial, and Dietary Characteristics of Overweight/Obese postmeno…	J Am Diet Assoc	Abs
Lissner, L (1991)	Variability of body weight and health outcomes in the Framingham population	NEJM	Full
Latner & Ciao (2012)	Weight-loss history as a predictor of obesity treatment outcome: prospective, long-term results f…	J Health Psychol	Abs