Correlates of Weight Gain

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Autonomous Motivation (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Leong, SL (2012) [Abs]	Self-determined, autonomous regulation of eating behavior is related to lower bo…	J Am Diet Assoc

Bisphenol A (BPA)

Reference	Title	Journal
Magliano, & Lyons (2012) [Full]	Bisphenol A and diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease and obesity…	JCEM
vom Saal, F (2012) [Full]	The estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) and obesity	Molec Cell Endo
Nadal, A (2013) [Abs]	Fat from plastics? Linking bisphenol A exposure and obesity	Nat Rev Endocrinol
Sathyanarayana, S (2013) [Full]	Unexpected results in a randomized dietary trial to reduce phthalate and bisphen…	J Exposure Sci Environ
Sharpe & Drake (2013) [Full]	Obesogens and obesity –an alternative view?	Obesity
Wells, EM (2013) [Full]	Decline in urinary bisphenol A concentations in the United States	Epidemiology

Breakfast (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Ma, Y (2003) [Full]	Association between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living US adult popula…	Am J Epidemiol
Purslow, LR (2007) [Full]	Energy intake at breakfast and weight change: Prospective study of 6,764 middle-…	Am J Epidemiology
Van der Heijden, AA (2007) [Full]	A prospective study of breakfast consumption and weight gain among US men	Obesity
Berg, C (2009) [Abs]	Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population	Appetite
Deshmukh-Taskar, P (2012) [Abs]	The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed with overw…	Public Health Nutr
Cahill, LE (2013) [Full]	Prospective study of breakfast eating and incident coronary heart disease in a c…	Circulation
Wang, JB (2013) [Abs]	Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in…	J Hum Nutr Diet
Zhang, L (2017) [Full]	The association between breakfast skipping and body weight, nutrient intake, and…	Nutrients
Okada, C (2019) [Full]	The association of having a late dinner or bedtime snack and skipping breakfast …	J Obes
Xiao, Q (2019) [Full]	Meal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype	Int J Obes
Ma, X (2020) [Abs]	Skipping breakfast is associated with overweight and obesity: a systematic revie…	Obes Res Clin Pract
Yamamoto, R (2021) [Full]	Associations of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner with weight gain and overw…	Nutrients

Breakfast (skipping)

Reference	Title	Journal
Ma, Y (2003) [Full]	Association between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living US adult popula…	Am J Epidemiol
Song, WO (2005) [Abs]	Is consumption of breakfast associated with body mass index in US adults?	J Am Diet Assoc
Van der Heijden, AA (2007) [Full]	A prospective study of breakfast consumption and weight gain among US men	Obesity
Berg, C (2009) [Abs]	Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population	Appetite
Betts, JA (2016) [Full]	Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?	Proc Nutr Soc
McCrory, MA (2016) [Abs]	Energy and nutrient timing for weight control. Does timing of ingestion matter?	Endocrinol Metab Clinic
St-Onge, M-P (2017) [Full]	Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a…	Circulation
Zhang, L (2017) [Full]	The association between breakfast skipping and body weight, nutrient intake, and…	Nutrients
Sievert, K (2019) [Full]	Effect of breakfast on weight and energy intake: systematic review and meta-anal…	BMJ
Xiao, Q (2019) [Full]	Meal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype	Int J Obes

Built Environment - Macro

Reference	Title	Journal
Feng, J (2010) [Abs]	The built environment and obesity: A systematic review of the epidemiologic evid…	Health & Place
Prince, SA (2011) [Full]	Neighborhood differences in objectively measured physical activity, sedentary ti…	J Prev Med
Mackenbach, JD (2014) [Full]	Obesogenic environments: a systematic review of the association between the phys…	BMC Public Health

Carbohydrate Intake (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Leibel, RL (1992) [Abs]	Energy intake required to maintain body weight is not affected by wide variation…	Am J Clin Nutr
Ludwig, DS (1999) [Full]	Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adu…	JAMA
Pearcey & de Castro (2002) [Full]	Food intake and meal patterns of weight-stable and weight-gaining persons	AJCN
Austin, GL (2011) [Full]	Trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes and association with energy int…	Am J Clin Nutr
Fogelholm, M (2012) [Full]	Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight …	Food Nutr Res
Vergnaud, AC (2013) [Full]	Macronutrient composition of the diet and prospective weight change in participa…	PLOS ONE
Smith, JD (2015) [Full]	Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-te…	Am J Clin Nutr
Ford, D (2017) [Full]	Evaluation of diet pattern and weight gain in postmenopausal women enrolled in t…	Br J Nutr
Raatz, SK (2017) [Full]	Relationship of the reported intakes of fat and fatty acids to body weight in US…	Nutrients
Ludwig & Ebbeling (2018) [Full]	The carbohydate-insulin model of obesity: beyond “calories in, calories out”	JAMA Int Med
Cao, YJ (2020) [Abs]	Associations of fat and carbohydrate intake with becoming overweight and obese: …	Br J Nutr

Chronic Stress (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Kivimaki, M (2006) [Full]	Work stress, weight gain and weight loss: evidence for bidirectional effects of …	Int J Obes
Wardle, J (2011) [Full]	Stress and adiposity: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies	Obesity
Chao, A (2015) [Full]	Food cravings mediate the relationship between chronic stress and body mass inde…	J Health Psychol
Chao, AM (2017) [Full]	Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related horomones: prospective prediction o…	Obesity
Nikoogoftar, M (2018) [Full]	Comparison between mindfullness, body consciousness and stress in obese and norm…	Int J Psychol

Chronotype (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Patterson, F (2017) [Full]	Interactive effects of sleep duration and morning/evening preference on cardiova…	Eur J Public Health
Maukonen, M (2019) [Abs]	Chronotype and energy intake timing in relation to changes in anthropometrics: a…	Chronobiol Int
Sun, X (2019) [Abs]	The association between sleep chronotype and obesity among black and white parti…	Chronobiol Int

Cognitive Profile of Obesity Psychological Correlates of Obesity

Reference	Title	Journal
van der Merwe, MT (2007) [Full]	Psychological correlates of obesity in women	Int J Obes
Jansen, A (2015) [Full]	A cognitive profile of obesity and its translation into new interventions	Front Psychol

Cooking (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Mills, S (2017) [Full]	Frequency of eating home cooked meals and potential benefits for diet and health…	IJBNPA
Taillie & Poti (2017) [Full]	Associations of cooking with dietary intake and obesity among supplemental nutri…	Am J Prev Med

Cortisol (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Therrien, F (2007) [Full]	Awakening cortisol response in lean, obese, and reduced obese individuals: effec…	Obesity
Bengtsson, I (2010) [Abs]	The cortisol awakening response and the metabolic syndrome in a population-based…	Metabolism
Wallerius, S (2014) [Abs]	Rise in moring salivary cortisol is associated with abdominal obesity in men: a …	J Endocrinol Invest
Chao, AM (2017) [Full]	Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related horomones: prospective prediction o…	Obesity
Joseph, JJ (2017) [Full]	Antecedent longitudinal changes in body mass index are associated with diurnal c…	Metabolism
Garcez, A (2018) [Abs]	Basal cortisol levels and metabolic sydrome: a systematic review and meta-analys…	Psychoneuroendocrinology

Culture Western Lifestyle

Reference	Title	Journal
Kato, H (1973) [Abs]	Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men livin…	Am J Epidemiol
Hazuda, HP (1988) [Abs]	Effects of acculturation and socioeconomic status on obesity and diabetes in Mex…	Am J Epidemiol
Ravussin, E (1994) [Abs]	Effects of a traditional lifestyle on obesity in Pima Indians	Diabetes Care
Ravussin, E (1995) [Abs]	Metabolic differences and the development of obesity	Metabolism
Khan, LK (1997) [Full]	Acculturation, socioeconomic status, and obesity in Mexican Americans, Cuban Ame…	Int J Obes
Esparza, J (2000) [Full]	Daily energy expenditure in Mexican and USA Pima Indians: low physical activity …	Int J Obes
Luke, A (2001) [Full]	Heritability of obesity-related traits among Nigerians, Jamaicans, and US black …	Int J Obes
Holboe-Ottesen, G (2012) [Full]	Changes in dietary habits after migration and consquences for health: a foucs on…	Food Nutr Res
Odegaard, AO (2012) [Full]	Western-style fast food intake and cardiometabolic risk in an Eastern country cl…	Circulation
Pan, A (2012) [Full]	Exporting diabetes mellitus to Asia: The impact of western-style fast food	Circulation

DNA - Genotype Phenotype (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Martinez, JA (2003) [Full]	Nutrient-gene interactions obesity risk is associated with carbohydrate intake i…	J Nutr
Memisoglu, A (2003) [Full]	Interaction between a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y gene polymorp…	Hum Mol Genet
Bienertova-Vasku, J (2009) [Full]	Effect of ID ACE gene polymorphism on dietary composition and obesity-related an…	Genes Nutr
Cornelis, MC (2009) [Full]	TCF7L2, dietary carbohydrate, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women	Am J Clin Nutr
Sonestedt, E (2009) [Full]	Fat and carbohydrate intake modify the association between genetic variation in …	Am J Clin Nutr
Speliotes, EK (2010) [Full]	Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with b…	Nature Gene
Corella, D (2011) [Full]	A high intake of saturated fatty acids strengthens the association between the f…	J Nutr
Prior, SJ (2011) [Full]	ADRB2 haplotype is associated with glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in …	Obesity
Elks, CE (2012) [Full]	Variability in the heritability of body mass index: a systematic review and meta…	Front Endo
Smith, CE (2013) [Full]	Apolipoprotein A2 polymorphism interacts with intakes of dairy foods to influenc…	J Nutr
Yengo, L (2018) [Full]	Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index …	Hum Molec Gene

Depression (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Heo, M (2006) [Full]	Depressive mood and obesity in US adults: comparison and moderation by sex, age,…	Int J Obes
Blaine, B (2008) [Full]	Does depression cause obesity? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of depres…	J Health Psych
Luppino, FS (2010) [Full]	Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of lo…	Arch Gen Psychiatry
Clum, GA (2014) [Abs]	Associations between depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, eating styles, exercise…	J Behav Med
Vittengl, JR (2018) [Abs]	Mediation of the bidirectional relations between obesity and depression among wo…	Psychiatry Res
Konttinen, H (2019) [Full]	Depression, emotional eating and long-term weight changes: a population-based pr…	IJBNPA

Diet Quality (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Quatromoni, PA (2006) [Full]	Dietary quality predicts adult weight gain: findings from the Framingham Offspri…	Obesity
Holmback, I (2010) [Full]	A high eating frequency is associated with an overall healthy lifestyle in middl…	Br J Nutr
Wolongevicz, DM (2010) [Full]	Diet quality and obesity in women: the Framingham Nutrition studies	Br J Nutr
Fung, TT (2015) [Full]	Long-term change in diet quality is associated with body weight change in men an…	J Nutr
Asghari, G (2017) [Full]	A systematic review of diet quality indices in relation to obesity	Br J Nutr
Hall, KD (2018) [Full]	Did the food environment cause the obesity epidemic?	Obesity
Silva, FM (2018) [Full]	Consumption of ultra-processed food and obesity: cross sectional results from th…	Public Health Nutr

Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Ford, D (2017) [Full]	Evaluation of diet pattern and weight gain in postmenopausal women enrolled in t…	Br J Nutr

Dietary Restraint (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Williamson, DA (1995) [Abs]	Association of body mass with dietary restraint and disinhibition	Appetite
Boschi, V (2001) [Abs]	The three-factor eating questionnaire in the evaluation of eating behaviour in s…	Ann Nutr Metab
McGuire, MT (2001) [Full]	The relationship between restraint and weight and weight-related behaviors among…	Int J Obes
Hays, NP (2002) [Full]	Eating behavior correlates of adult weight gain and obesity in healthy women age…	Am J Clin Nutr
Drapeau, V (2003) [Full]	Do 6-y changes in eating behaviors predict changes in body weight? Results from …	Int J Obes
Provencher, V (2003) [Full]	Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Quebe…	Obes Res
Bellisle, F (2004) [Full]	The eating inventory and body adiposity from leanness to massive obesity: a stud…	Obes Res
Dykes, J (2004) [Full]	Socioeconomic gradient in body size and obesity among women: the role of dietary…	Int J Obes
Provencher, V (2004) [Full]	Eating behaviours, dietary profile and body composition according to dieting his…	Br J Nutr
de Lauzon-Guillain, B (2006) [Full]	Is restrained eating a risk factor for weight gain in a general population?	Am J Clin Nutr
Hays & Roberts (2007) [Full]	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weigh…	Obesity
Savage, JS (2009) [Full]	Dieting, restraint, and disinhibition predict women’s weight change over 6 y	Am J Clin Nutr
Sung, J (2009) [Abs]	Relationship of eating behavior to long-term weight change and body mass index. …	Eating and Weight Disorders
Lowe, MR (2013) [Full]	Dieting and restrained eating as prospective predictors of weight gain	Front Psychol
Cornelis, MC (2014) [Full]	Obesity susceptibility loci and uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognit…	Obesity

Dietary Restraint - Flexible vs Rigid Control (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
McGuire, MT (2001) [Full]	The relationship between restraint and weight and weight-related behaviors among…	Int J Obes
Drapeau, V (2003) [Full]	Do 6-y changes in eating behaviors predict changes in body weight? Results from …	Int J Obes
Provencher, V (2003) [Full]	Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Quebe…	Obes Res
Provencher, V (2004) [Full]	Eating behaviours, dietary profile and body composition according to dieting his…	Br J Nutr
Hays & Roberts (2007) [Full]	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weigh…	Obesity

Dieting - More Harm than Good

Reference	Title	Journal
Korkeila, M (1999) [Full]	Weight-loss attempts and risk of major weight gain: a prospective study in Finni…	Am J Clin Nutr
Juhaeri, J (2001) [Abs]	Weight change among self-reported dieters and non-dieters in white and African A…	Eur J Epidemiol
Hill, AJ (2004) [Full]	Does dieting make you fat?	Br J Nutr
Lowe, MR (2004) [Full]	Dieting: really harmful, merely ineffective or actually helpful?	Br J Nutr
Provencher, V (2004) [Full]	Eating behaviours, dietary profile and body composition according to dieting his…	Br J Nutr
Cannon, G (2005) [Full]	Dieting. Makes you fat?	Br J Nutr
Eckel, RH (2005) [Abs]	The dietary approach to obesity. Is it the diet or the disorder?	JAMA
Neumark-Sztainer, D (2006) [Abs]	Obesity, disordered eating, and eating disorders in a longitudinal study of adol…	J Am Diet Assoc
Field, AE (2007) [Full]	Race and gender differences in the association of dieting and gains in BMI among…	Obesity
Mann, T (2007) [Abs]	Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: diets are not the answer	Am Psychologist
Rideout & Barr (2009) [Abs]	“Restrained Eating” vs “Trying to Lose Weight”: how are they associated with bod…	J Am Diet Assoc
Savage, JS (2009) [Full]	Dieting, restraint, and disinhibition predict women’s weight change over 6 y	Am J Clin Nutr
Strychar, I (2009) [Abs]	Anthropometric, Metabolic, Psychosocial, and Dietary Characteristics of Overweig…	J Am Diet Assoc
Aphramor, L (2010) [Full]	Validity of claims made in weight managemen research: a narrative review of diet…	Nutr J
Cooper, Z (2010) [Full]	Testing a new cognitive behavioural treatment for obesity: a randomized controll…	Behav Res Ther
Bosomworth, NJ (2012) [Full]	The downside of weight loss. Realistic intervention in body-weight trajectory	Can Fam Physician
Pietilainen, KH (2012) [Full]	Does dieting make you fat: A twin study	Int J Obes
Lowe, MR (2013) [Full]	Dieting and restrained eating as prospective predictors of weight gain	Front Psychol
Lowe, MR (2015) [Full]	Dieting: proxy or cause of future weight gain?	Obes Rev
Siahpush, M (2015) [Abs]	Dieting increases the likelihood of subsequent obesity and BMI gain: results fro…	Int J Behav Med
Nordmo, M (2020) [Abs]	The challenge of keeping it off, a descriptive systematic review of high-quality…	Obes Rev

Dinner Skipping (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Yamamoto, R (2021) [Full]	Associations of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner with weight gain and overw…	Nutrients

Disinhibition (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Williamson, DA (1995) [Abs]	Association of body mass with dietary restraint and disinhibition	Appetite
Boschi, V (2001) [Abs]	The three-factor eating questionnaire in the evaluation of eating behaviour in s…	Ann Nutr Metab
Hays, NP (2002) [Full]	Eating behavior correlates of adult weight gain and obesity in healthy women age…	Am J Clin Nutr
Drapeau, V (2003) [Full]	Do 6-y changes in eating behaviors predict changes in body weight? Results from …	Int J Obes
Provencher, V (2003) [Full]	Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Quebe…	Obes Res
Bellisle, F (2004) [Full]	The eating inventory and body adiposity from leanness to massive obesity: a stud…	Obes Res
Dykes, J (2004) [Full]	Socioeconomic gradient in body size and obesity among women: the role of dietary…	Int J Obes
Provencher, V (2004) [Full]	Eating behaviours, dietary profile and body composition according to dieting his…	Br J Nutr
Bryant, EJ (2007) [Abs]	Disinhibition: its effects on appetite and weight regulation	Obes Rev
Hays & Roberts (2007) [Full]	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weigh…	Obesity
Carr, KA (2014) [Full]	Food reinforcement, dietary disinhibition and weight gain in nonobese adults	Obesity

Driving (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Sugiyama, T (2013) [Abs]	Commuting by car: weight gain among physically active adults	Am J Prev Med
Ding, D (2014) [Full]	Driving: a road to unhealthy lifestyles and poor health outcomes	PLOS ONE
McCormack & Virk (2014) [Abs]	Driving towards obesity: a systematized literature review on the association bet…	Prev Med

Eating Rate Speed (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Kral, JG (2001) [Full]	Metabolic correlates of eating behavior in severe obesity	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Sasaki, S (2003) [Full]	Self-reported rate of eating correlates with body mass index in 18-y-old Japanes…	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Otsuka, R (2006) [Abs]	Eating fast leads to obesity: findings based on self-administered questionnaires…	J Epidemiol
Maruyama, K (2008) [Full]	The joint impact on being overweight of self reported behaviours of eating quick…	BMJ
Hsieh, SD (2011) [Full]	Eating until feeling full and rapid eating both increase metabolic risk factors …	Public Health Nutr
Leong, SL (2011) [Abs]	Faster self-reported speed of eating is related to higher body mass index in a n…	J Am Diet Assoc
Tanihara, S (2011) [Abs]	Retrospective longitudinal study on the relationship between 8-year weight chang…	Appetite
Saito, A (2012) [Abs]	Self-reported rate of eating is significantly associated with body mass index in…	Appetite
Sakurai, M (2012) [Abs]	Self-reported speed of eating and 7-year risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in mid…	Metabolism
Lee, KS (2013) [Abs]	Eating rate is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean adults	Nutr Metab Cardiovas Dis
Ohkuma, T (2013) [Full]	Impact of eating rate on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors according to gl…	Diabetelogia
Nagahama, S (2014) [Full]	Self-reported eating rate and metabolic syndrome in Japanese people: cross-secti…	BMJ Open
Yamane, M (2014) [Full]	Relationships between eating quickly and weight gain in Japanese university stud…	Obesity
Leong, SL (2015) [Full]	Speed of eating and 3-year BMI change: a nationwide prospective study of mid-age…	Public Health Nutr
Ohkuma, T (2015) [Full]	Association between eating rate and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analys…	Int J Obes
McCrickerd & Forde (2017) [Full]	Consistency of eating rate, oral processing behaviours and energy intake across …	Nutrients
Hurst & Fukuda (2018) [Full]	Effects of changes in eating speed on obesity in patients with diabetes: a secon…	BMJ Open

Eating Until Full (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Maruyama, K (2008) [Full]	The joint impact on being overweight of self reported behaviours of eating quick…	BMJ
Hsieh, SD (2011) [Full]	Eating until feeling full and rapid eating both increase metabolic risk factors …	Public Health Nutr

Elevation, Urbanization, and Ambient Temperature (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Voss, JD (2013) [Full]	Association of elevation, urbanization and ambient temperature with obesity prev…	Int J Obes
Voss, JD (2014) [Full]	Lower obesity rate during residence at high altitude among a military population…	PLOS ONE
Diaz-Gutierrez, J (2016) [Full]	Living at higher altitude and incidence of overweight/obesity: prospective analy…	PLOS ONE
Speakman & Heidari-Bakavoli (2016) [Full]	Type 2 diabetes, but not obesity, prevalence is positively associated with ambie…	Scientifc Rep
Woolcott, OO (2016) [Full]	Inverse association between altitude and obesity: a prevalence study among Andea…	Obesity
Dunnwald, T (2019) [Full]	Body composition and body weight changes at different altitude levels: a systema…	Front Physiol

Emotional Eating (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
van Strien, T (1986) [Abs]	Life events, emotional eating and change in body mass index	Int J Obes
de Lauzon-Guillain, B (2006) [Full]	Is restrained eating a risk factor for weight gain in a general population?	Am J Clin Nutr
Hays & Roberts (2007) [Full]	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weigh…	Obesity
Sung, J (2009) [Abs]	Relationship of eating behaviour to long-term weight change and body mass index	Eat Weight Disord
Koenders & van Strien (2011) [Abs]	Emotional eating, rather than lifestyle behavior, drives weight gain in a prospe…	JOEM
van Strien, T (2012) [Abs]	Eating style, overeating and weight gain: a prospective 2-year follow-up study i…	Appetite
Cornelis, MC (2014) [Full]	Obesity susceptibility loci and uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognit…	Obesity
Dohle, S (2014) [Abs]	Physical activity as a moderator of the association between emotional eating and…	Psychology & Health
van Strien, T (2014) [Abs]	Effect of emotional eating and short sleep duration on weight gain in female emp…	J Occup Environ Med
Konttinen, H (2019) [Full]	Depression, emotional eating and long-term weight changes: a population-based pr…	IJBNPA

Emotional Regulation Difficulties (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Fernandes, J (2018) [Abs]	Emotional processing in obesity: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analys…	Obes Rev
Willem, C (2019) [Abs]	Difficulties in emotion regulation and deficits in interoceptive awareness in mo…	Eating Weight Dis

Energy Density (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Ello-Martin, JA (2005) [Full]	The influence of food portion size and energy density on energy intake: implicat…	Am J Clin Nutr
Ledikwe, JH (2005) [Full]	Portion sizes and the obesity epidemic	J Nutr
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2008) [Full]	Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women	Am J Clin Nutr
Savage, JS (2008) [Full]	Dietary energy density predicts women’s weight change over 6 y	Am J Clin Nutr
Du, H (2009) [Full]	Dietary energy density in relation to subsequent changes of weight and waist cir…	PLOS ONE
Duffey & Popkin (2011) [Full]	Energy density, portion size, and eating occasions: contributions to increased e…	PLOS MED
Fogelholm, M (2012) [Full]	Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight …	Food Nutr Res
Rouhani, MH (2016) [Abs]	Associations between dietary energy density and obesity: a systematic review and…	Nutrition

Environmental Chemicals Endocrine Disruptors (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Lim, JS (2011) [Full]	Inverse associations between long-term weight change and serum concentrations of…	Int J Obes
LaKind, JS (2012) [Full]	Use of NHANES data to link chemical exposures to chronic diseases: a cautionary …	PLOS ONE
Weisskopf, MG (2012) [Abs]	What me worry? Chemicals and causality	Epidemiology
Gohlke & Allison (2013) [Full]	Evidence for obesogens: Interpretations and next steps	Obesity
Heindel & Schug (2013) [Full]	The Perfect Storm for Obesity	Obesity
Kelishadi, R (2013) [Full]	Role of environmental chemical in obesity: A systematic review on the current ev…	J Environ Public Health
Legler, J (2013) [Full]	An integrated approach to assess the role of chemical exposure in obesity	Obesity
Sharpe & Drake (2013) [Full]	Obesogens and obesity –an alternative view?	Obesity
Gupta, R (2020) [Full]	Endocrine disruption and obesity: a curent review on environmental obesogens	Curr Res Green Sustain Chem

Evening Eating & Eating Before Bed (PM) (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Kant, AK (1997) [Full]	Evening eating and subsequent long-term weight change in a national cohort	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Forslund, HB (2002) [Full]	Meal patterns and obesity in Swedish women-a simple instrument describing usual …	EJCN
Brewer, EA (2003) [Abs]	The relationship between eating behaviors and obesity in African American and Ca…	Eat Behav
Waller, SM (2004) [Abs]	Evening ready-to-eat cereal consumption contributes to weight management	J Am Coll Nutr
Baron, KG (2011) [Full]	Role of sleep timing in caloric intake and BMI	Obesity
Baron, KG (2013) [Full]	Contribution of evening macronutrient intake to total caloric intake and body ma…	Appetite
Wang, JB (2013) [Abs]	Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in…	Hum Nutr Dietetic
Bo, S (2014) [Full]	Consuming more of daily caloric intake at dinner predisposes to obesity. A 6-yea…	PLOS ONE
Casazza, K (2014) [Full]	Weighing the evidence of common beliefs in obesity research	Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
Kinsey, AW (2014) [Full]	Influence of night-time protein and carbohydrate intake on appetite and cardiome…	Br J Nutr
Wang, JB (2014) [Abs]	Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in…	J Hum Nutr Diet
Kinsey & Ormsbee (2015) [Full]	The health impact of nighttime eating: old and new perspectives	Nutrients
Ormsbee, MJ (2015) [Abs]	The influence of nighttime feeding of carbohydrate or protein combined with exer…	Appl Physiol Nutr Metab
Kerksick, CM (2017) [Full]	International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing	J Int Soc Sports Nutr
Maukonen, M (2019) [Abs]	Chronotype and energy intake timing in relation to changes in anthropometrics: a…	Chronobiol Int
Okada, C (2019) [Full]	The association of having a late dinner or bedtime snack and skipping breakfast …	J Obes
Xiao, Q (2019) [Full]	Meal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype	Int J Obes

Executive Function after Weight Loss (RCT)

Reference	Title	Journal
Bryan & Tiggemann (2001) [Abs]	The effect of weight-loss dieting on cognitive performance and psychological wel…	Appetite
Halyburton, AK (2007) [Full]	Low- and high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets have similar effects on mood but no…	Am J Clin Nutr
Brinkworth, GD (2009) [Full]	Long-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet on mood and…	Arch Intern Med
Gunstad, J (2011) [Full]	Improved memory function 12 weeks after bariatric surgery	Surg Obes Relat Dis

Executive Function and Obesity (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Smith, E (2011) [Abs]	A review of the association between obesity and cognitive function across the li…	Obes Rev
Yang, Y (2018) [Abs]	Executive function performance in obesity and overweight individuals: a meta-ana…	Neurosci Biobehav Rev

External Eating (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Hays & Roberts (2007) [Full]	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weigh…	Obesity
van Strien, T (2009) [Abs]	Eating style, overeating, and overweight in a representative Dutch sample. Does …	Appetite
van Strien, T (2018) [Full]	Causes of emotional eating and matched treatment of obesity	Curr Diab Rep

Farmers Markets and Co-Ops (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Jilcott, SB (2011) [Abs]	Examining associations among obesity and per capita farmers’ markets, grocery st…	J Am Diet Assoc
Minaker, LM (2016) [Full]	Associations between frequency of food shopping at different store types and die…	Public Health Nutr

Fast Food Intake (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Pereira, M (2005) [Abs]	Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-yea…	Lancet
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2006) [Full]	Predictors of weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: the Sequimiento Universidad…	Am J Clin Nutr
Duffey, K (2007) [Full]	Differential associations of fast food and restaurant food consumption with 3-y …	Am J Clin Nutr
Rosenheck, R (2008) [Full]	Fast food consumpion and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a traj…	Obes Rev
Garcia, G (2012) [Abs]	The fast food and obesity link: consumption patterns and severe obesity	Obes Surg
Marlow & Shiers (2012) [Abs]	The relationship between fast food and obesity	Appl Econ Letters
Odegaard, AO (2012) [Full]	Western-style fast food intake and cardiometabolic risk in an Eastern country cl…	Circulation
Bahadoran, Z (2013) [Full]	Fast food consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome after 3-years of follow…	Eur J Clin Nutr
Boggs, DA (2013) [Full]	Restaurant foods, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, and obesity risk among young Afri…	Ethn Dis
Barnes, TL (2015) [Full]	Fast-food consumption, diet quality and body weight: cross-sectional and prospec…	Public Health Nutr
Taillie & Poti (2017) [Full]	Associations of cooking with dietary intake and obesity among supplemental nutri…	Am J Prev Med
Bhutani, S (2018) [Abs]	Frequency of eating out at both fast-food and sit-down restaurants was associate…	Am J Health Promot

Fat Intake (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Romieu, I (1988) [Abs]	Energy intake and other determinants of relative weight	Am J Clin Nutr
Leibel, RL (1992) [Abs]	Energy intake required to maintain body weight is not affected by wide variation…	Am J Clin Nutr
Lissner & Heitmann (1995) [Abs]	Dietary fat and obesity: evidence from epidemiology	Eur J Clin Nutr
Macdiarmid, JI (1996) [Abs]	High and low fat consumers, their macronutrient intake and body mass index: furt…	Eur J Clin Nutr
Verboeket-van de Venne (1996) [Abs]	Long-term effects of consumption of full-fat or reduced-fat products in healthy …	Metabolism
Saltzman, E (1997) [Full]	Effect of high-fat and low-fat diets on voluntary energy intake and substrate ox…	Am J Clin Nutr
Seidell, JC (1998) [Full]	Dietary fat and obesity: an epidemiological perspective	Am J Clin Nutr
Willett, WC (1998) [Abs]	Dietary fat and obesity: an unconvincing relation	Am J Clin Nutr
Ludwig, DS (1999) [Full]	Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adu…	JAMA
Pearcey & de Castro (2002) [Full]	Food intake and meal patterns of weight-stable and weight-gaining persons	Am J Clin Nutr
Willet & Leibel (2002) [Abs]	Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat	Am J Med
Koh-Banerjee, P (2003) [Full]	Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical acti…	Am J Clin Nutr
Howard, BV (2006) [Full]	Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years. The womens health initia…	JAMA
Field, AE (2007) [Full]	Dietary fat and weight gain among women in the nurses’ health study	Obesity
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2008) [Full]	Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women	Am J Clin Nutr
Austin, GL (2011) [Full]	Trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes and association with energy int…	Am J Clin Nutr
Fogelholm, M (2012) [Full]	Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight …	Food Nutr Res
Hooper, L (2012) [Full]	Effect of reducing total fat intake on body weight: systematic review and meta-a…	BMJ
Vergnaud, AC (2013) [Full]	Macronutrient composition of the diet and prospective weight change in participa…	PLOS ONE
Ford, D (2017) [Full]	Evaluation of diet pattern and weight gain in postmenopausal women enrolled in t…	Br J Nutr
Raatz, SK (2017) [Full]	Relationship of the reported intakes of fat and fatty acids to body weight in US…	Nutrients
Hall, KD (2018) [Full]	Did the food environment cause the obesity epidemic?	Obesity
Cao, YJ (2020) [Abs]	Associations of fat and carbohydrate intake with becoming overweight and obese: …	Br J Nutr

Food Away from Home (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Kant & Graubard (2004) [Abs]	Eating out in America, 1987-2000: trends and nutritional correlates	Prev Med
Smith, KJ (2009) [Full]	Takeaway food consumption and its associations with diet quality and abdominal o…	IJBNPA
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2010) [Full]	A prospective study of eating away-from-home meals and weight gain in a Mediterr…	Public Health Nutr
Kant, AK (2010) [Full]	Away from home meals: associations with biomarkers of chronic disease and dietar…	Int J Obes
Fulkerson, JA (2011) [Full]	Away-from-home family dinner sources and associations with weight status, body c…	J Am Diet Assoc
Kim, TH (2014) [Abs]	Food away from home and body mass outcomes: taking heterogeneity into account en…	Nutrition
Nago, ES (2014) [Abs]	Association of out-of-home eating with anthropometric changes: systematic review…	Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
Du, WW (2016) [Full]	Gender difference in the association between food away-from-home consumption and…	Public Health Nutr
Seguin, RA (2016) [Full]	Consumption frequency of foods away from home linked with higher body mass index…	J Environ Public Health
Kim & Ahn (2020) [Full]	Eating out and consumers’ health: evidence on obesity and balanced nutrition int…	IJERPH

Food Cravings (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Chao, A (2014) [Full]	Food cravings, food intake, and weight status in a community-based sample	Eating Behav
Chao, A (2015) [Full]	Food cravings mediate the relationship between chronic stress and body mass inde…	J Health Psychol
Boswell & Kober (2016) [Full]	Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta-analytic …	Obes Rev

Food Cue Reactivity

Reference	Title	Journal
Tetley, A (2009) [Abs]	Individual differences in food-cue reactivity. The role of BMI and everyday port…	Appetite
Jastreboff, AM (2013) [Full]	Neural correlates of stress- and food cue-induced food craving in obesity	Diabetes Care
Gerlach, G (2015) [Abs]	Personality traits and obesity: a systematic review	Obes Rev
Jansen, A (2015) [Full]	A cognitive profile of obesity and its translation into new interventions	Front Psychol
Boswell & Kober (2016) [Full]	Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta-analytic …	Obes Rev
van den Akker, K (2018) [Full]	Learned overeating: applying principles of pavlovian conditioning to explain and…	Curr Addict Rep

Food Deserts (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Budzynska, K (2013) [Full]	A food desert in Detroit: associations with food shopping and eating behaviours,…	Public Health Nutr
Ghosh-Dastidar, B (2014) [Full]	Distance to store, food prices, and obesity in urban food deserts	Am J Prev Med
Cooksey-Stowers, K (2017) [Full]	Food swamps predict obesity rates better than food deserts in the United States	IJERPH
Liese, AD (2017) [Full]	Food shopping and acquistion behaviors in relation to BMI among residents of low…	IJERPH

Food Environment - Macro

Reference	Title	Journal
Hill & Peters (1998) [Abs]	Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic	Science
Swinburn, BA (1999) [Abs]	Dissecting obesogenic environments: The development and application of a framewo…	Prev Med
Segal & Allison (2002) [Full]	Twins and virtual twins: bases of relative body weight revisited	Int J Obes
Hill, JO (2003) [Abs]	Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here?	Science
Giskes, K (2011) [Full]	A systematic review of envrionmental factors and obesogenic dietary intakes amon…	Obes Rev
Swinburn, BA (2011) [Abs]	The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments	Lancet
Bergin, JE (2012) [Full]	Genetic and environmental transmission of body mass index fluctuation	Behav Genet
Jones-Smith, JC (2013) [Full]	Obesity and the food environment: income and ethnicity differences among people …	Diabetes Care
Monteiro, CA (2013) [Full]	Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system	Obes Rev
Moodie, R (2013) [Abs]	Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ul…	Lancet
Crino, M (2015) [Abs]	The influence of population weight gain and obesity of the macronutrient composi…	Curr Obes Rep
Vandevijvere, S (2015) [Full]	Increased food energy supply as a major driver of the obesity epidemic	Bull World Health Organ
Levine, DI (2017) [Abs]	The curious history of the calorie in U.S. policy: a tradition of unfulfilled pr…	Am J Prev Med
Hall, KD (2018) [Full]	Did the food environment cause the obesity epidemic?	Obesity

Food Environment - Micro

Reference	Title	Journal
Swinburn, BA (1999) [Full]	Dissecting obesogenic environments: The development and application of a framewo…	Prev Med
Pearcey & de Castro (2002) [Full]	Food intake and meal patterns of weight-stable and weight-gaining persons	AJCN
Giskes, K (2011) [Full]	A systematic review of envrionmental factors and obesogenic dietary intakes amon…	Obes Rev
Thomas, JG (2011) [Full]	Ecological momentary assessment of obesogenic eating behavior: combining person-…	Obesity

Food Groups (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Schulz, M (2002) [Full]	Food groups as predictors for short-term weight changes in men and women of the …	J Nutr
Spencer, EA (2003) [Full]	Diet and body mass index in 38000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetari…	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Drapeau, V (2004) [Full]	Modifications in food-group consumption are related to long-term body-weight cha…	Am J Clin Nutr
Mozaffarian, D (2011) [Full]	Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men	NEJM
Fogelholm, M (2012) [Full]	Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight …	Food & Nutr Res
Schlesinger, S (2019) [Full]	Food groups and risk of overweight, obesity, and weight gain: a systematic revie…	Adv Nutr

Food Reward Sensitivity Food Reinforcement (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Giesen, JCAH (2010) [Full]	Will work for food: the association of BMI and snack reinforcement	Obesity
Epstein, LH (2012) [Full]	Usual energy intake mediates the relationship between food reinforcement and BMI	Obesity
Carr, KA (2014) [Full]	Food reinforcement, dietary disinhibition and weight gain in nonobese adults	Obesity
Lipsky, LM (2016) [Full]	Power of Food Scale in association with weight outcomes and dieting in a nationa…	Appetite

Food Swamps (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Spence, JC (2009) [Full]	Relation between local food environments and obesity among adults	BMC Public Health
Cooksey-Stowers, K (2017) [Full]	Food swamps predict obesity rates better than food deserts in the United States	IJERPH
Hall, KD (2018) [Full]	Did the food environment cause the obesity epidemic?	Obesity

Food Variety Dietary Diversity (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
McCrory, MA (1999) [Full]	Dietary variety within food groups: association with energy intake and body fatn…	Am J Clin Nutr
Azadbakht, L (2006) [Full]	Dietary diversity score and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults	Public Health Nutr
McCrory, MA (2012) [Abs]	Dietary (sensory) variety and energy balance	Physiol & Behavior
Raynor, HA (2012) [Full]	Can limiting variety assist with reducing energy intake and weight loss?	Physiol Behav
Jayawardena, R (2013) [Full]	High dietary diversity is associated with obesity in Sri Lankan adults: an evalu…	BMC Public Health
Latimer, LA (2015) [Full]	Food neophiles: profiling the adventurous eater	Obesity

Genetics - Loci - Ingestion (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Keskitalo, K (2008) [Full]	The three-factor eating questionnaire, body mass index, and responses to sweet a…	Am J Clin Nutr
Sung, J (2010) [Full]	Heritability of eating behavior assessed using the DEBQ (Dutch Eating Behavior Q…	Obesity
Cornelis, MC (2014) [Full]	Obesity susceptibility loci and uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognit…	Obesity

Ghrelin (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Tschop, M (2001) [Full]	Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity	Diabetes
Shiiya, T (2002) [Full]	Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghre…	JCEM
Monti, V (2006) [Abs]	Relationship of ghrelin and leptin hormones with body mass index and waist circu…	J Am Diet Assoc
Chao, AM (2017) [Full]	Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related horomones: prospective prediction o…	Obesity

Ghrelin after Weight Loss (RCT)

Reference	Title	Journal
Hansen, TK (2002) [Abs]	Weight loss increases circulating levels of ghrelin in human obesity	Clin Endocrinol
Leidy, HJ (2004) [Full]	Circulating ghrelin is sensitive to changes in body weight during a diet and exe…	JCEM
Foster-Schubert, KE (2005) [Full]	Human plasma ghrelin levels increase during a one-year exercise program	JCEM

Glycemic Index Load (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Hare-Bruun, H (2006) [Full]	Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to changes in body weight, body fat…	Am J Clin Nutr
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2008) [Full]	Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women	Am J Clin Nutr
Du, H (2009) [Full]	Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and subsequent changes of weight and wai…	Int J Obes
de la Fuente-Arrillaga, C (2014) [Full]	Glycemic load, glycemic index, bread and incidence of overweight/obesity in a Me…	BMC Public Health
Smith, JD (2015) [Full]	Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-te…	Am J Clin Nutr

Holiday Eating (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Yanovski, JA (2000) [Full]	A prospective study of holiday weight gain	NEJM
Hull, HR (2006) [Full]	The effect of the Thanksgiving holiday on weight gain	Nutr J
Ma, Y (2006) [Full]	Seasonal variation in food intake, physical activity, and body weight in a predo…	Eur J Clin Nutr
Schoeller, DA (2014) [Abs]	The effect of holiday weight gain on body weight	Physiol Behav
Bhutani, S (2020) [Full]	Change in eating pattern as a contibutor to energy intake and weight gain during…	Int J Obes
Turicchi, J (2020) [Full]	Weekly, seasonal and holiday body weight fluctuation patterns among individuals …	PLOS ONE

Home Food Environment (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Krukowski, RA (2010) [Full]	Differences in home food availability of high- and low-fat foods after a behavio…	IJBNPA
Gorin, AA (2011) [Full]	Home food and exercise environments of normal-weight and overweight adults	Am J Health Behav
Emery, CF (2015) [Full]	Home environment and pyschosocial predictors of obesity status among community-r…	Int J Obes
King, BM (2016) [Full]	Adults with obesity underreport high-calorie foods in the home	Health Behav Policy Rev

Home Grocery Delivery and Online Shopping (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Minaker, LM (2016) [Full]	Associations between frequency of food shopping at different store types and die…	Public Health Nutr

Home Meal Preparation (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Laska, MN (2015) [Full]	How we eat what we eat: identifying meal routines and practices most strongly as…	Public Health Nutr
Zong, G (2016) [Full]	Consumption of meals prepared at home and risk of type 2 diabetes: an analysis o…	PLOS Med
Taillie & Poti (2017) [Full]	Associations of cooking with dietary intake and obesity among SNAP participants	Am J Prev Med

Hunger & Body Weight (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Boschi, V (2001) [Abs]	The three-factor eating questionnaire in the evaluation of eating behaviour in s…	Ann Nutr Metab
Hays, NP (2002) [Full]	Eating behavior correlates of adult weight gain and obesity in healthy women age…	Am J Clin Nutr
Drapeau, V (2003) [Full]	Do 6-y changes in eating behaviors predict changes in body weight? Results from …	Int J Obes
Provencher, V (2003) [Full]	Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Quebe…	Obes Res
Bellisle, F (2004) [Full]	The eating inventory and body adiposity from leanness to massive obesity: a stud…	Obes Res
Dykes, J (2004) [Full]	Socioeconomic gradient in body size and obesity among women: the role of dietary…	Int J Obes
Provencher, V (2004) [Full]	Eating behaviours, dietary profile and body composition according to dieting his…	Br J Nutr
Drapeau, V (2007) [Abs]	Appetite sensations and satiety quotient: Predictors of energy intake and weight…	Appetite
Hays & Roberts (2007) [Full]	Aspects of eating behaviors “disinhibition” and “restraint” are related to weigh…	Obesity

Impulsivity Delayed Discounting (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Nederkoorn, C (2006) [Abs]	Impulsivity in obese women	Appetite
Weller, RE (2008) [Abs]	Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women	Appetite
Terracciano, A (2009) [Full]	Facets of personality linked to underweight and overweight	Psychosom Med
Rasmussen, EB (2010) [Abs]	Percent body fat is related to delay and probability discounting for food in hum…	Behavioural Processes
Gerlach, G (2015) [Abs]	Personality traits and obesity: a systematic review	Obes Rev
Thomas, JG (2015) [Full]	Delayed discounting and grit in men and women with and without obesity	Obes Sci Pract

Insulin (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Swinburn, BA (1991) [Full]	Insulin resistance associated with lower rates of weight gain in Pima Indians	JCI
Yost, TJ (1995) [Full]	Weight regain following sustained weight reduction is predicted by relative insu…	Obes Res
Odeleye, OE (1997) [Abs]	Fasting hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of increased body weight gain and obesit…	Diabetes
Sigal, RJ (1997) [Abs]	Acute postchallenge hyperinsulinemia predicts weight gain. A prospective study	Diabetes
Ludwig, DS (1999) [Full]	Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adu…	JAMA
Chaput, JP (2008) [Full]	A novel interaction between dietary composition and insulin secretion: effects o…	Am J Clin Nutr
Chao, AM (2017) [Full]	Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related horomones: prospective prediction o…	Obesity

Interoceptive Awareness (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Fassino, S (2004) [Abs]	Clinical, psychopathological and personality correlates of interoceptive awarene…	Psychpathology
Herbert & Pollatos (2014) [Abs]	Attenuated interoceptive sensitivity in overweight and obese individuals	Eat Behav
Nikoogoftar, M (2018) [Full]	Comparison between mindfullness, body consciousness and stress in obese and norm…	Int J Psychol
Willem, C (2019) [Abs]	Difficulties in emotion regulation and deficits in interoceptive awareness in mo…	Eating Weight Dis

Irregular Shift Work (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Karlsson, B (2001) [Full]	Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Resu…	Occup Environ Med
Karlsson, B (2003) [Abs]	Metabolic disturbances in male workers with rotating three-shift work: results o…	Int Arch Occup Environ Health
Marqueze, EC (2013) [Abs]	Leisure-time physical activity does not fully explain the higher body mass index…	Int Arch Occup Environ Health
Liu, Q (2018) [Full]	Is shift work associated with a higher risk of overweight or obesity? A systemat…	Int J Epidemiol
Sun, M (2018) [Abs]	Meta-analysis on shift work and risks of specific obesity types	Obes Rev

Leptin (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Shiiya, T (2002) [Full]	Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghre…	JCEM
Monti, V (2006) [Abs]	Relationship of ghrelin and leptin hormones with body mass index and waist circu…	J Am Diet Assoc
Chao, AM (2017) [Full]	Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related horomones: prospective prediction o…	Obesity

Life Events (i.e. medical triggers, illness, milestones)

Reference	Title	Journal
van Strien, T (1986) [Abs]	Life events, emotional eating and change in body mass index	Int J Obes
Ogden, J (2009) [Abs]	Understanding the role of life events in weight loss and weight gain	Psychol Health Med

Lunch (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Wang, JB (2014) [Abs]	Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in…	J Hum Nutr Diet

Lunch (Skipping)

Reference	Title	Journal
Berg, C (2009) [Abs]	Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population	Appetite
Yamamoto, R (2021) [Full]	Associations of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner with weight gain and overw…	Nutrients

Meal Frequency - Weight Change

Reference	Title	Journal
Fabry, P (1964) [Abs]	The frequency of meals. Its relation to overweight, hypercholesterolemia, and de…	Lancet
Swindells, YE (1968) [Full]	The metabolic response of young women to changes in the frequency of meals	Br J Nutr
Kant, AK (1995) [Abs]	Frequency of eating occasions and weight change in the NHANES I epidemiologic fo…	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Bellisle, F (1997) [Full]	Meal frequency and energy balance	Br J Nutr
Chiva, M (1997) [Full]	Cultural aspects of meals and meal frequency	Br J Nutr
Longnecker, MP (1997) [Abs]	Eating frequency in the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (USA), 1987-1988	Appetite
Drummond, SE (1998) [Full]	Evidence that eating frequency is inversely related to body weight status in mal…	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Titan, SM (2001) [Full]	Frequency of eating and concentrations of serum cholesterol in the Norfolk popul…	BMJ
Forslund, HB (2002) [Full]	Meal patterns and obesity in Swedish women-a simple instrument describing usual …	EJCN
Ruidavets, JB (2002) [Full]	Eating frequency and body fatness in middle-aged men	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Brewer, EA (2003) [Abs]	The relationship between eating behaviors and obesity in African American and Ca…	Eat Behav
Ma, Y (2003) [Full]	Association between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living US adult popula…	Am J Epidemiol
Carlson, O (2007) [Full]	Impact of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction on glucose regulati…	Metabolism
Howarth, NC (2007) [Full]	Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older …	Int J Obes
Yannakoulia, M (2007) [Full]	Association of eating fequency with body fatness in pre- and postmenopausal wome…	Obesity
Duval, K (2008) [Full]	Physical activity is a confounding factor of the relation between eating frequen…	AJCN
Palmer, MA (2009) [Full]	Association between eating frequency, weight, and health	Nutr Rev
Holmback, I (2010) [Full]	A high eating frequency is associated with an overall healthy lifestyle in middl…	Br J Nutr
McCrory & Campbell (2010) [Full]	Effects of eating frequency, snacking, and breakfast skipping on energy regulati…	J Nutr
Bachman, JL (2011) [Full]	Eating frequency is higher in weight loss maintainers and normal-weight individu…	J Am Diet Assoc
Duffey & Popkin (2011) [Full]	Energy density, portion size, and eating occasions: contributions to increased e…	PLOS MED
La Bounty, PM (2011) [Full]	International society of sports nutrition position stand: meal frequency	J Int Soc Sports Nutr
McCrory, MA (2011) [Full]	Eating frequency and energy restriction in free-living adults consuming self-sel…	J Nutr
Mills, JP (2011) [Full]	Eating frequency is associated with energy intake but not obesity in midlife wom…	Obesity
Cahill, LE (2013) [Full]	Prospective study of breakfast eating and incident coronary heart disease in a c…	Circulation
Casazza, K (2014) [Full]	Weighing the evidence of common beliefs in obesity research	Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
Mattes, RD (2014) [Abs]	Ingestive frequency outweighs portion size	Physiol Behav
Aljuraiban, GS (2015) [Full]	The impact of eating frequency and time of intake on nutrient quality and body m…	J Acad Nutr Diet
Gill & Panda (2015) [Full]	A smartphone app reveals erratic dirunal eating patterns in humans that can be m…	Cell Metab
House, BT (2015) [Full]	Increased eating frequency linked to decreased obesity and improved metabolic ou…	Int J Obes
Leech, RM (2015) [Full]	Characterizing eating patterns: a comparison of eating occasion definitions	AJCN
Murakami & Livingstone (2015) [Full]	Eating frequency is positively associated with overweight and central obesity in…	J Nutr
Schoenfeld, BJ (2015) [Full]	Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis	Nutr Rev
McCrory, MA (2016) [Abs]	Energy and nutrient timing for weight control. Does timing of ingestion matter?	Endocrinol Metab Clinic
Pot, GK (2016) [Full]	Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational a…	Proc Nutr Soc
Wang, YQ (2016) [Full]	Increased eating fequency is associated with lower obesity risk, but higher ener…	Int J Environ Res Public Health
Canuto, R (2017) [Full]	Eating frequency and weight and body composition: a systematic review of observa…	Public Health Nutr
Kerksick, CM (2017) [Full]	International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing	J Int Soc Sports Nutr
Mattes, RD (2018) [Abs]	Snacking: a cause for concern	Physiol Behav

Meal Planning - Weight Change (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Ducrot, P (2017) [Full]	Meal planning is associated with food variety, diet quality and body weight stat…	IJBNPA

Meal Preparation - Weight Change (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Kolodinsky & Goldstein (2011) [Full]	Time use and food pattern influences on obesity	Obesity
Smith, KJ (2011) [Abs]	Involvement of young Australian adults in meal preparation: cross-sectional asso…	J Am Diet Assoc
Zick, CD (2011) [Full]	Time use choices and healthy body weight: a multivariate analysis of data from t…	IJBNPA
Chu, YL (2012) [Abs]	Time spend in home meal preparation affects energy and food group intakes among …	Appetite
Appelhans, BM (2015) [Full]	Meal preparation and cleanup time and cardiometabolic risk over 14 years in the …	Prev Med
Mejean, C (2018) [Full]	Influence of food preparation behaviors on 5-year weight change and obesity risk…	IJBNPA

Meal Regularity Irregularity (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Sierra-Johnson, J (2008) [Full]	Eating meals irregularly: a novel environmental risk factor for the metabolic sy…	Obesity
Laska, MN (2015) [Full]	How we eat what we eat: identifying meal routines and practices most strongly as…	Public Health Nutr
Pot, GK (2016) [Full]	Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational a…	Proc Nutr Soc
Pot, GK (2016) [Full]	Irregularity of energy intake at meals: prospective associations with the metabo…	Br J Nutr

Mediterranean Diet (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Mendez, MA (2006) [Full]	Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced 3-year incidence of…	J Nutr
Panagiotakos,DB (2006) [Abs]	Association between the prevalence of obesity and adherence to the Mediterranean…	Nutrition
Sanchez-Villegas, A (2006) [Full]	Adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern and weight gain in a follow-up stud…	Int J Obes
Beunza, JJ (2010) [Full]	Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, long-term weight change, and incident overw…	Am J Clin Nutr
Romaguera, D (2010) [Full]	Mediterranean dietary patterns and prospective weight change in participants of …	Am J Clin Nutr
Ford, D (2017) [Full]	Evaluation of diet pattern and weight gain in postmenopausal women enrolled in t…	Br J Nutr
Dinu, M (2018) [Abs]	Mediterranean diet and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-anal…	Eur J Clin Nutr

Microbiome Diversity (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Menni, C (2017) [Full]	Gut microbiome diversity and high-fibre intake are related to lower long-term we…	Int J Obes

Night Time Eating (AM)

Reference	Title	Journal
Rand, CS (1998) [Abs]	The night eating syndrome in the general population and among postoperative obes…	Int J Eat Disord
Andersen, GS (2004) [Full]	Night eating and weight change in middle-aged men and women	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
De Zwaan, M (2006) [Abs]	Nighttime eating: a descriptive study	Int J Eat Disord
Colles, SL (2007) [Full]	Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge ea…	Int J Obes
Gluck, ME (2008) [Full]	Nighttime eating: commonly observed and related to weight gain in an inpatient f…	AJCN
Berg, C (2009) [Abs]	Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population	Appetite
Tholin, S (2009) [Full]	Prevalence of night eating in obese and nonobese twins	Obesity
Cleator, J (2012) [Full]	Night eating syndrome: implications for severe obesity	Nutr Diab
Cahill, LE (2013) [Full]	Prospective study of breakfast eating and incident coronary heart disease in a c…	Circulation

Number of Weight Loss Attempts and Prospective Weight Change

Reference	Title	Journal
Teixeira, PJ (2004) [Full]	Who will lose weight? A reexamination of predictors of weight loss in women	IJBNPA
Fabricatore, AN (2008) [Full]	Weight loss expectations and goals in a population sample of overweight and obes…	Obesity
Jantz, EJ (2009) [Abs]	Number of weight loss attempts and maximum weight loss before Roux-en-Y laparosc…	Surgery Obes Relat Dis
Latner & Ciao (2012) [Abs]	Weight-loss history as a predictor of obesity treatment outcome: prospective, lo…	J Health Psychol
Kerrigan, SG (2018) [Full]	The association between previous success with weight loss through dietary change…	J Behav Med

Nutrition Knowledge (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Burns, CM (1987) [Abs]	Nutrition knowledge in the obese and overweight	Int J Obes
Dallongeville, J (2000) [Full]	Association between nutrition knowledge and nutritional intake in middle-aged me…	Public Health Nutr
O’Brien & Davies (2006) [Full]	Nutrition knowledge and body mass index	Health Educ Res
Vriendt, TD (2009) [Abs]	Determinants of nutrition knowledge in young and middle-aged Belgian women and t…	Appetite
Bonaccio, M (2013) [Abs]	Nutrition knowledge is associated with higher adherence to Mediterranean diet an…	Appetite
Kaufer-Horwitz, M (2015) [Full]	Knowledge of appropriate foods and beverages needed for weight loss and diet of …	Eur J Clin Nutr
Laz, TH (2015) [Full]	Level of nutrition knowledge and its association with weight loss behaviors amon…	J Community Health
Zhou, L (2017) [Full]	The impact of changes in dietary knowledge on adult overweight and obesity in Ch…	PLOS ONE

Perceived Weight Status and Body Weight Change (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Inoue, M (2010) [Abs]	Lifestyle, weight perception and change in body mass index of Japanese workers. …	Public Health
Cuypers, K (2012) [Full]	Being normal weight but feeling overweight in adolescence may affect weight deve…	J Obes
Duong & Roberts (2014) [Full]	Perceived weight in youths and risk of overweight or obesity six years later	J Psychosom Res
Robinson, E (2015) [Full]	Perceived weight status and risk of weight gain across life in US and UK adults	Int J Obes
Sonneville, KR (2016) [Full]	Helpful or harmful? Prospective association between weight misperception and wei…	Int J Obes
Daly, M (2017) [Full]	Does knowing hurt? Perceiving oneself as overweight predicts future physical hea…	Psychol Sci
Wang, ML (2017) [Full]	Perceived weight status and weight change among a US adult sample	Obesity
Haynes, A (2018) [Full]	A systematic review of the relationship between weight status perceptions and we…	Obes Rev

Persistent Organic Pollutants (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Lee, DH (2006) [Full]	A strong dose-response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organ…	Diabetes Care
Lim, JS (2008) [Full]	Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome …	Diabetes Care
Elobeid, MA (2010) [Full]	Endocrine disruptors and obesity: an examination of selected persistent organic …	IJERPH
Dirinck, E (2011) [Full]	Obesity and persistent organic pollutants: possible obesogenic effect of organoc…	Obesity
Yang, C (2017) [Abs]	Persistent organic pollutants as risk factors for obesity and diabetes	Curr Diab Rep

Personality Traits (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Elfhag & Morey (2008) [Abs]	Personality traits and eating behavior in the obese: Poor self-control in emotio…	Eating Behav
Terracciano, A (2009) [Full]	Facets of personality linked to underweight and overweight	Psychosom Med
Jokela, M (2013) [Full]	Association of personality with the development and persistence of obesity: a me…	Obes Rev
Gerlach, G (2015) [Abs]	Personality traits and obesity: a systematic review	Obes Rev
Sutin & Terracciano (2016) [Full]	Personality traits and body mass index: modifiers and mechanisms	Psychol Health
Wimmelmann, CL (2018) [Full]	Associations of personality with body mass index and obesity in a large late mid…	Obes Facts

Plate Clearing (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Krassner, HA (1979) [Abs]	Cleaning the plate: food left over by overweight and normal weight persons	Behav Res Ther
Robinson, E (2015) [Full]	Is plate clearing a risk factor for obesity? A cross-sectional study of self-rep…	Obesity
Robinson & Hardman (2016) [Full]	Empty plates and larger waists: a cross-sectional study of factors associated wi…	Eur J Clin Nutr

Portion Size (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Young & Nestle (2002) [Full]	The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the us obesity epidemic	Am J Public Health
Brewer, EA (2003) [Abs]	The relationship between eating behaviors and obesity in African American and Ca…	Eat Behav
Ello-Martin, JA (2005) [Full]	The influence of food portion size and energy density on energy intake: implicat…	Am J Clin Nutr
Ledikwe, JH (2005) [Full]	Portion sizes and the obesity epidemic	J Nutr
Kant & Graubard (2006) [Full]	Secular trends in patterns of self-reported food consumption of adult Americans:…	Am J Clin Nutr
Berg, C (2009) [Abs]	Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population	Appetite
Duffey & Popkin (2011) [Full]	Energy density, portion size, and eating occasions: contributions to increased e…	PLOS MED
Casazza, K (2014) [Full]	Weighing the evidence of common beliefs in obesity research	Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
Mattes, RD (2014) [Abs]	Ingestive frequency outweighs portion size	Physiol Behav
Steenhuis & Poelman (2017) [Full]	Portion size: latest developments and interventions	Curr Obes Rep

Portion Size (RCT)

Reference	Title	Journal
Jeffery, RW (2007) [Full]	Effects of portion size on chronic energy intake	IJBNPA
French, SA (2014) [Full]	Portion size effects on weight gain in a free living setting	Obesity

Prevention of Obesity (RCT)

Reference	Title	Journal
Anderssen, SA (1996) [Abs]	Improved carbohydrate metabolism after physical training and dietary interventio…	J Intern Med
Simkin-Sliverman, LR (2003) [Abs]	Lifestyle intervention can prevent weight gain during meopause: results from a 5…	Ann Behav Med
Burke, V (2005) [Abs]	Effects of a lifestyle programme on ambulatory blood pressure and drug dosage in…	J Hypertension
Galani & Schneider (2007) [Abs]	Prevention and treatment of obesity with lifestyle interventions: review and met…	Int J Public Health
Wing, RR (2016) [Full]	Innovative self-regulation strategies to reduce weight gain in young adults: The…	JAMA Int Med

Processed Ingredients (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Adams & White (2015) [Full]	Characterisation of UK diets according to degree of food processing and associat…	IJBNPA

Protein Intake (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Ludwig, DS (1999) [Full]	Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adu…	JAMA
Austin, GL (2011) [Full]	Trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes and association with energy int…	Am J Clin Nutr
Fogelholm, M (2012) [Full]	Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight …	Food Nutr Res
Vergnaud, AC (2013) [Full]	Macronutrient composition of the diet and prospective weight change in participa…	PLOS ONE
Ankarfeldt, MZ (2015) [Full]	Dietary protein and urinary nitrogen in relation to 6-year changes in fat mass a…	Int J Obes
Smith, JD (2015) [Full]	Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-te…	Am J Clin Nutr
Raatz, SK (2017) [Full]	Relationship of the reported intakes of fat and fatty acids to body weight in US…	Nutrients
Agnoli, C (2021) [Full]	Macronutrient composition of the diet and long-term changes in weight and waist …	Nutr Metab Cardio Dis

RER - Predictive of Weight Gain

Reference	Title	Journal
McNeill, G (1988) [Abs]	Inter-individual differences in fasting nutrient oxidation and the influence of …	Int J Obes
Zurlo, F (1990) [Abs]	Low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation as a predictor of weight gain: study …	AJP Endo Metab
Seidell, JC (1992) [Abs]	Fasting respiratory exchange ratio and resting metabolic rate as predictors of w…	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Froidevauz, F (1993) [Abs]	Energy expenditure in obese women before and during weight loss, after refeeding…	Am J Clin Nutr
Ravussin, E (1995) [Abs]	Metabolic differences and the development of obesity	Metabolism
Schutz, Y (1995) [Full]	Abnormalities of fuel utilization as predisposing to the development of obesity …	Obes Res
Weinsier, RL (1995) [Full]	Metabolic Predictors of Obesity: Contribution of resting energy expenditure, the…	JCI
Valtuena, S (1997) [Full]	The respiratory quotient as a prognostic factor in weight-loss rebound	Int J Obes
Marra, M (1998) [Full]	Fasting respiratory quotient as a predictor of weight changes in non-obese women	Int J Obes
Weyer, C (1999) [Full]	Determinants of energy expenditure and fuel utilization in man: effects of body …	Int J Obes
Katzmarzyk, PT (2000) [Full]	No association between resting metabolic rate or respiratory exchange ratio and …	Eur J Clin Nutr
Weyer, C (2000) [Full]	Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and body weight regulation: a study of metabo…	JCEM
Weinsier, RL (2002) [Full]	Free-living activity energy expenditure in women successful and unsuccessful at …	Am J Clin Nutr
Weinsier, RL (2003) [Full]	Low resting and sleeping energy expenditure and fat use do not contribute to obe…	Obes Res
Marra, M (2004) [Abs]	Fasting respiratory quotient as a predictor of long-term weight changes in non-o…	Ann Nutr Metab
Ellis, AC (2010) [Full]	Respiratory quotient predicts fat mass gain in premenopausal women	Obesity
Miles-Chan, JL (2015) [Full]	Fasting substrate oxidation at rest assessed by indirect calorimetry: is prior d…	Int J Obes

RMR - Predictive of Weight Gain

Reference	Title	Journal
Ravussin, E (1988) [Abs]	Reduced rate of energy expenditure as a risk factor for body-weight gain	NEJM
Weinsier, RL (1995) [Full]	Metabolic Predictors of Obesity: Contribution of resting energy expenditure, the…	JCI
Weyer, C (1999) [Full]	Determinants of energy expenditure and fuel utilization in man: effects of body …	Int J Obes
Weyer, C (2000) [Full]	Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and body weight regulation: a study of metabo…	JCEM
Weinsier, RL (2003) [Full]	Low resting and sleeping energy expenditure and fat use do not contribute to obe…	Obes Res

Ramadan Fasting (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Kul, S (2014) [Abs]	Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucos…	J Relig Health
Nachvak, SM (2019) [Abs]	Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body …	Eur J Clin Nutr
MeA-IE Faris (2020) [Full]	Impact of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting on the metabolic syndrome compone…	Br J Nutr

Ready-Meals (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
van der Horst, K (2011) [Full]	Ready-meal consumption: associations with weight status and cooking skills	Public Health Nutr

Reinforcement Pathology

Reference	Title	Journal
Appelhans, BM (2009) [Full]	Neurobehavioral inhibition of reward-driven feeding: implications for dieting an…	Obesity
Epstein, LH (2010) [Abs]	Food reinforcement, delay discounting and obesity	Physiol Behav
Stojek & MacKillop (2017) [Abs]	Relative reinforcing value of food and delayed reward discounting in obesity and…	Clinical Psych Rev

Satiety Quotient (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
McNeil, J (2014) [Abs]	Satiety quotient linked to food intake and changes in anthropometry during menop…	Climacteric

Sedentary Behavior (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Blanck, HM (2007) [Full]	Sedentary behavior, recreational physical activity, and 7-year weight gain among…	Obesity
Ekelund, U (2008) [Full]	Time spent being sedentary and weight gain in healthy adults: reverse or bidirec…	Am J Clin Nutr
Thorp, AA (2011) [Abs]	Sedentary behaviors and subsquent health outcomes in adults. A systematic review…	Am J Prev Med
Campbell, SD (2018) [Abs]	Sedentary behavior and body weight and composition in adults: a systematic revie…	Sports Med
Guo, C (2019) [Abs]	Association of total sedentary behaviour and television viewing with risk of ove…	Diabetes Obes Metab

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Fernandez-Rhodes, L (2013) [Full]	Association of adiposity genetic variants with menarche timing in 92,105 women o…	Am J Epidemiol
Yengo, L (2018) [Full]	Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index …	Hum Molec Gene

Sitting Time (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Brown, WJ (2003) [Full]	Sitting time and work patterns as indicators of overweight and obesity in Austra…	Int J Obes
Mummery, WK (2005) [Abs]	Occupational sitting time and overweight and obesity in Australian workers	Am J Prev Med
Thorp, AA (2011) [Abs]	Sedentary behaviors and subsquent health outcomes in adults. A systematic review…	Am J Prev Med
Pedisic, Z (2014) [Full]	High sitting time or obesity: which came first? Bidirectional association in a l…	Obesity

Sleep Duration (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Dahmen, N (2001) [Abs]	Increased prevalence of obesity in narcoleptic patients and relatives	Eur Arch Psych Clin
Taheri, S (2004) [Full]	Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and in…	PLOS MED
Knutson, KL (2007) [Full]	The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation	Sleep Med Rev
Baron, KG (2011) [Full]	Role of sleep timing in caloric intake and BMI	Obesity
Mozaffarian, D (2011) [Full]	Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men	NEJM
Klingenberg, L (2012) [Abs]	Short sleep duration and its association with energy metabolism	Obes Rev
Liu, R (2012) [Full]	A population-based twin study on sleep duration and body composition	Obesity
Watson, NF (2012) [Full]	Sleep duration and body mass index in twins: a gene-environment interaction	Sleep
Appelhans, BM (2013) [Full]	Sleep duration and weight change in midlife women: the SWAN sleep study	Obesity
Wu, Y (2014) [Abs]	Sleep duration and obesity among adults: a meta-analysis of prospective studies	Sleep Med
van Strien, T (2014) [Abs]	Effect of emotional eating and short sleep duration on weight gain in female emp…	J Occup Environ Med
Patterson, F (2017) [Full]	Interactive effects of sleep duration and morning/evening preference on cardiova…	Eur J Public Health

Smoking (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Romieu, I (1988) [Abs]	Energy intake and other determinants of relative weight	Am J Clin Nutr
Kahn, HS (1997) [Full]	Stable behaviors associated with adults’ 10-year change in body mass index and l…	Am J Public Health
Sneve & Jorde (2008) [Abs]	Cross-sectional study on the relationship between body mass index and smoking, a…	Scan J Public Health
Mackay, DF (2013) [Full]	Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on overweight and obesity: Scotland-wide…	BMC Public Health
de Munter, JS (2015) [Abs]	Longitudinal analysis of lifestyle habits in relation to body mass index, onset …	Scan J Public Health

Smoking Cessation (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Taylor, CB (1994) [Abs]	Effects of life-style on body mass index change	Epidemiology
Flegal, KM (1995) [Full]	The influence of smoking cessation on the prevlance of overweight in the United …	NEJM
Koh-Banerjee, P (2003) [Full]	Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical acti…	Am J Clin Nutr
Mozaffarian, D (2011) [Full]	Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men	NEJM
Mackay, DF (2013) [Full]	Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on overweight and obesity: Scotland-wide…	BMC Public Health
Bush, T (2016) [Full]	The effect of tobacco cessation on weight gain, obesity, and diabetes risk	Obesity

Snacking (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Hampl, JS (2003) [Abs]	Snacking patterns influence energy and nutrient intakes but not body mass index	J Hum Nutr Dietet
Forslund, HB (2005) [Full]	Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men an…	Int J Obes
Howarth, NC (2007) [Full]	Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older …	Int J Obes
Bes-Rastrollo, M (2010) [Abs]	Prospective study of self-reported usual snacking and weight gain in a Mediterra…	Clin Nutr
Mills, JP (2011) [Full]	Eating frequency is associated with energy intake but not obesity in midlife wom…	Obesity
Barnes, TL (2015) [Full]	Snacking behaviors, diety quality, and BMI in a community sample of working adul…	J Acad Nutr Diet
O’Connor, L (2015) [Full]	The cross-sectional association between snacking behaviour and measures of adipo…	Br J Nutr
Njike, VY (2016) [Full]	Snack food, satiety, and weight	Adv Nutr

Snacking (RCT)

Reference	Title	Journal
Johnstone, AM (2000) [Full]	Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense …	Br J Nutr
van Dongen, MV (2010) [Full]	Effects of snack consumption for 8 weeks on energy intake and body weight	Int J Obes
Njike, VY (2016) [Full]	Snack food, satiety, and weight	Adv Nutr
Njike, VY (2017) [Abs]	Snacking, satiety, and weight: a randomized, controlled trial	Am J Health Promot

Social Network (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Christakis & Fowler (2007) [Full]	The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years	NEJM
Zhang, S (2018) [Abs]	Applications of social network analysis to obesity: a systematic review	Obes Rev
Fuentes, NS (2019) [Full]	Social network influences and the adoption of obesity-related behaviours in adul…	BMC Public Health

Socioeconomic Status (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Goldblatt, PB (1965) [Abs]	Social factors in obesity	JAMA
Hazuda, HP (1988) [Abs]	Effects of acculturation and socioeconomic status on obesity and diabetes in Mex…	Am J Epidemiol
Khan, LK (1997) [Full]	Acculturation, socioeconomic status, and obesity in Mexican Americans, Cuban Ame…	Int J Obes
Zhang & Wang (2004) [Full]	Trends in the association between obesity and socioeconomic status in US adults:…	Obes Res
McLaren, L (2007) [Full]	Socioeconomic status and obesity	Epidemiologic Rev
Prince, SA (2011) [Full]	Neighborhood differences in objectively measured physical activity, sedentary ti…	J Prev Med
Kaiser, KA (2012) [Full]	Conjectures on some curious connections among social status, calorie restriction…	Ann NY Acad Sci
Jones-Smith, JC (2013) [Full]	Obesity and the food environment: income and ethnicity differences among people …	Diabetes Care

Substrate Balances - Isocaloric

Reference	Title	Journal
Lean, MEJ (1987) [Abs]	Metabolic effects of isoenergetic nutrient exchange over 24 hours in relation to…	Int J Obes
Abbott, WGH (1988) [Abs]	Short-term energy balance: relationship with protein, carbohydrate, and fat bala…	AJP Endo Metab
Abbott, WGH (1990) [Abs]	Energy expenditure in humans: effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate	Am J Physiol
Hill, JO (1991) [Abs]	Nutrient balance in humans: effects of diet composition	Am J Clin Nutr
Hill, JO (1993) [Abs]	Obesity treatment: can diet composition play a role?	Ann Intern Med
Roust, LR (1994) [Abs]	Effects of isoenergetic, low-fat diets on energy metabolism in lean and obese wo…	AJCN
Larson, DE (1995) [Abs]	Energy metabolism in weight-stable postobese individuals	Am J Clin Nutr
Bray & Popkin (1998) [Full]	Dietary fat intake does affect obesity	AJCN
Cooling & Blundell (1998) [Full]	Differences in energy expenditure and substrate oxidation between habitual high …	Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Roy, HJ (1998) [Full]	Substrate oxidation and energy expenditure in athletes and nonathletes consuming…	Am J Clin Nutr
Hill, JO (2000) [Full]	Dietary fat intake and regulation of energy balance: implications for obesity	J Nutr
Koutsari & Sidossis (2003) [Full]	Effect of isoenergetic low-and high-carbohydrate diets on substrate kinetics and…	Br J Nutr
Fine & Feinman (2004) [Full]	Thermodynamics of weight loss diets	Nutr Metab
Schutz, Y (2004) [Abs]	Dietary fat, lipogenesis and energy balance	Physiol Behavior
Boden, G (2005) [Abs]	Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin…	Ann Intern Med
Eckel, RH (2006) [Full]	Carbohydrate balance predicts weight and fat gain in adults	Am J Clin Nutr
Lustig, RH (2006) [Abs]	Childhood obesity: behavioral aberration or biochemical drive? Reinterpreting th…	Nat Clin Pract Endo Metab
Melanson, E (2009) [Full]	Exercise improves fat metabolism in muscle but does not increase 24-h fat oxidat…	Med Sci Sport Rev
Melanson, E (2009) [Full]	When energy balance is maintained, exercise does not induce negative fat balance…	AJP Endo Metab
Galgani, JE (2010) [Full]	Effect of a 3-day high-fat feeding period on carbohydrate balance and ad libitum…	Int J Obesity
Hill, JO (2012) [Full]	Energy balance and obesity	Circulation
Ludwig & Friedman (2014) [Abs]	Increasing adiposity: consequence or cause of overeating?	JAMA
Roberts & Das (2015) [Full]	One strike against low-carbohydrate diets	Cell Metabolism
Hall, KD (2016) [Full]	Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic di…	AJCN
Ludwig & Ebbeling (2016) [Full]	Raising the bar on the low-carbohydrate diet	AJCN

Supercenter or Warehouse Club (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Courtemanche & Carden (2011) [Abs]	Supersizing supercenters? The impact of Walmart Supercenters on body mass index …	J Urban Economics
Jilcott, SB (2011) [Abs]	Examining associations among obesity and per capita farmers’ markets, grocery st…	J Am Diet Assoc
Minaker, LM (2016) [Full]	Associations between frequency of food shopping at different store types and die…	Public Health Nutr
Liese, AD (2017) [Full]	Food shopping and acquistion behaviors in relation to BMI among residents of low…	IJERPH

Television Viewing (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Tucker, LA (1989) [Full]	Television viewing and obesity in adult males	Am J Public Health
Tucker, LA (1991) [Full]	Television viewing and obesity in adult females	Am J Public Health
Koh-Banerjee, P (2003) [Full]	Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical acti…	Am J Clin Nutr
Parsons, TJ (2008) [Full]	Television viewing and obesity: a prospective study in the 1958 British birth co…	Eur J Clin Nutr
Mozaffarian, D (2011) [Full]	Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men	NEJM
Ding, D (2012) [Abs]	Habitual active transport, TV viewing and weight gain: A four year follow-up stu…	Prev Med
Guo, C (2019) [Abs]	Association of total sedentary behaviour and television viewing with risk of ove…	Diabetes Obes Metab

Time Usage (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Kolodinsky & Goldstein (2011) [Full]	Time use and food pattern influences on obesity	Obesity
Zick, CD (2011) [Full]	Time use choices and healthy body weight: a multivariate analysis of data from t…	IJBNPA
Abramowitz, J (2016) [Abs]	The connection between working hours and body mass index in the US: a time use a…	Rev Econ Household
Pinto, KA (2018) [Full]	Gender, time use and overweight and obesity in adults: results of the Brazilian …	PLOS ONE

Timing of Food Intake (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Garaulet & Gomez-Abellan (2014) [Abs]	Timing of food intake and obesity: a novel association	Physiol Behav
Gill & Panda (2015) [Full]	A smartphone app reveals erratic dirunal eating patterns in humans that can be m…	Cell Metab
McHill, AW (2017) [Full]	Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat	Am J Clin Nutr
McHill, AW (2017) [Full]	Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat	Am J Clin Nutr
Dashti, HS (2019) [Full]	Timing of food intake: identifying contributing factors to design effective inte…	Adv Nutr
McHill, AW (2019) [Full]	Caloric and macronutrient intake differ with circadian phase and between lean an…	Nutrients
Xiao, Q (2019) [Full]	Meal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype	Int J Obes
Thomas, EA (2021) [Full]	Later meal and sleep timing predicts higher percent body fat	Nutrients

Twin Studies (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Allison, DB (1996) [Abs]	The heritability of body mass index among an international sample of monozygotic…	Int J Obes
Segal & Allison (2002) [Full]	Twins and virtual twins: bases of relative body weight revisited	Int J Obes
Segal, NL (2009) [Full]	Genetic and environmental contributions to body mass index: comparative analysis…	Int J Obes
Min, J (2013) [Full]	Variation in the heritability of body mass index based on diverse twin studies: …	Obes Rev

Ultraprocessed Food (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Canella, DS (2014) [Full]	Ultra-processed food products and obesity in Brazilian households (2008-2009)	PLOS ONE
Adams & White (2015) [Full]	Characterisation of UK diets according to degree of food processing and associat…	IJBNPA
Juul & Hemmingsson (2015) [Full]	Trends in consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Sweden between 196…	Public Health Nutr
Mendonca, R (2016) [Full]	Ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of overweight and obesity: the Universi…	Am J Clin Nutr
Monteiro, CA (2017) [Full]	Household availability of ultra-processed foods and obesity in nineteen European…	Public Health Nutr
Juul, F (2018) [Full]	Ultra-processed food consumption and excess weight among US adults	Br J Nutr
Silva, FM (2018) [Full]	Consumption of ultra-processed food and obesity: cross sectional results from th…	Public Health Nutr
Nardocci, M (2019) [Full]	Consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Canada	Can J Public Health
Askari, M (2020) [Abs]	Ultra-processed food and the risk of overweight and obesity: a systematic review…	Int J Obes
Beslay, M (2020) [Full]	Ultra-processed food intake in association with BMI change and risk of overweigh…	PLOS ONE
Rauber, F (2020) [Full]	Ultra-processed food consumption and indicators of obesity in the United Kingdom…	PLOS ONE
Pagliai, G (2021) [Full]	Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health status: a systematic review and …	Br J Nutr

Uncontrolled Eating (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
de Lauzon-Guillain, B (2006) [Full]	Is restrained eating a risk factor for weight gain in a general population?	Am J Clin Nutr
Rohrer, JE (2009) [Abs]	Uncontrolled eating and obesity in adult primary care patients	Obes Res Clin Pract
Cornelis, MC (2014) [Full]	Obesity susceptibility loci and uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognit…	Obesity
Vainik, U (2019) [Abs]	Uncontrolled eating: a unifying heritable trait linked with obesity, overeating,…	Eur J Neurosci

Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Foods (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Adams & White (2015) [Full]	Characterisation of UK diets according to degree of food processing and associat…	IJBNPA
Nasreddine, L (2017) [Full]	A minimally processed dietary pattern is associated with lower odds of metabolic…	Public Health Nutr

Using Media While Eating (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Laska, MN (2015) [Full]	How we eat what we eat: identifying meal routines and practices most strongly as…	Public Health Nutr

Vacation (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Cooper & Tokar (2016) [Abs]	A prospective study on vacation weight gain in adults	Physiol Behav
Hruska, B (2019) [Abs]	Vacation frequency is associated with metabolic syndrome and symptoms	Psychol Health

Weekend Lifestyle Patterns (Obs)

Reference	Title	Journal
Racette, SB (2008) [Full]	Influence of weekend lifestyle patterns on body weight	Obesity
Orsama, AL (2014) [Full]	Weight rhythms: weight increases during weekends and decreases during weekdays	Obes Facts
Hill, C (2018) [Full]	Relationship between weekly patterns of caloric intake and reported weight loss …	JMIR mHealth uHealth
Turicchi, J (2020) [Full]	Weekly, seasonal and holiday body weight fluctuation patterns among individuals …	PLOS ONE

Weight Cycling and Subsequent Weight Change

Reference	Title	Journal
Lissner, L (1991) [Full]	Variability of body weight and health outcomes in the Framingham population	NEJM
French, SA (1999) [Full]	Is dieting good for you?: Prevalence, duration and associated weight and behavio…	Int J Obes
Kroke, A (2002) [Full]	Recent weight changes and weight cycling as predictors of subsequent two year we…	Int J Obes
Diaz, VA (2005) [Abs]	The association between weight fluctuation and mortality: results from a populat…	J Commun Health
Saarni, SE (2005) [Full]	Weight cycling of athletes and subsequent weight gain in middleage	Int J Obes
Montani, JP (2006) [Full]	Weight cycling during growth and beyond as a risk factor for cardiovascular dise…	Int J Obes
Strychar, I (2009) [Abs]	Anthropometric, Metabolic, Psychosocial, and Dietary Characteristics of Overweig…	J Am Diet Assoc
Lee, JS (2010) [Full]	Weight loss and regain and effect on body composition: the health, aging, and bo…	J Gerontol Biol Sci Med
Ahern, AL (2011) [Full]	Weight Watchers on prescription: an observational study of weight change among a…	BMC Public Health
Cereda, E (2011) [Abs]	Weight cycling is associated with body weight excess and abdominal fat accumulat…	Clin Nutr
Latner & Ciao (2012) [Abs]	Weight-loss history as a predictor of obesity treatment outcome: prospective, lo…	J Health Psychol
Marquet, LA (2013) [Full]	No effect of weight cycling on the post-career BMI of weight class elite athlete…	BMC Public Health
Casazza, K (2014) [Full]	Weighing the evidence of common beliefs in obesity research	Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
Lowe, MR (2015) [Abs]	Dieting: proxy or cause of future weight gain?	Obes Rev
Siahpush, M (2015) [Abs]	Dieting increases the likelihood of subsequent obesity and BMI gain: Results fro…	Int J Behav Med